Methods of bonding an optical fiber to a substrate using a laser and assemblies fabricated by the same
Methods for laser welding one or more optical fibers to a substrate and assemblies are disclosed. In one embodiment, a method of bonding an optical fiber to a substrate having at least one film layer on a surface of the substrate includes directing a laser beam into the optical fiber disposed on the at least one film layer. The optical fiber has a curved surface that focuses the laser beam to a focused diameter. The method further includes melting, using the focused diameter laser beam, a material of the substrate to create a laser bond area between the optical fiber and the surface of the substrate. The laser bond area includes laser-melted material of the substrate that bonds the optical fiber to the substrate. The at least one film layer has an absorption of at least 15% at a wavelength of the focused diameter laser beam.
1. An assembly comprising:
a substrate comprising a surface;
an optical fiber bonded to the surface of the substrate;
a laser bond area between the optical fiber and the surface of the substrate, wherein the laser bond area comprises one or more elements not present in the optical fiber and the substrate outside of the laser bond area; and
at least one film layer disposed on the surface of the substrate, wherein the at least one film layer has an absorption of at least 15% at a wavelength within a range of 300 nm to 5 μm, including endpoints.
2. The assembly of claim 1 , wherein:
the at least one film layer comprises a metal; and
the laser bond area comprises metal particles having a maximum width of less than or equal to 500 nm.
3. The assembly of claim 2 , wherein the laser bond area is not electrically conductive.
4. The assembly of claim 2 , wherein:
the at least one film layer comprises a metal; and
the at least one film layer has a thickness of less than or equal to 300 nm.
5. The assembly of claim 1 , wherein the absorption of the at least one film layer is within a range of 20% and 80% including endpoints at a wavelength within the range of 400 nm and 3 μm, including endpoints.
6. The assembly of claim 1 , wherein the absorption of the at least one film layer is within a range of 20% and 80% including endpoints at wavelength within a range of 300 nm and 3 μm, including endpoints.
7. The assembly of claim 1 , wherein the at least one film layer has a reflectance of less than 10% at a wavelength within the range of 400 nm and 3 μm, including endpoints.
8. The assembly of claim 1 , wherein the absorption of the at least one film layer is within a range of 20% and 80% including endpoints at a wavelength within the range of 2.6 μm and 3 μm, including endpoints.
9. The assembly of claim 8 , wherein the at least one film layer has a thickness of less than or equal to 10 nm.
10. The assembly of claim 1 , wherein the at least one film layer comprises two or more film layers.
11. The assembly of claim 1 , wherein the at least one film layer comprises a metal film layer and an inorganic oxide film layer such that the metal film layer is disposed between the surface of the substrate and the inorganic oxide film layer.
12. The assembly of claim 11 , wherein a thickness of the metal film layer is within a range of 3 nm and 150 nm, including endpoints.
13. The assembly of claim 1 , wherein:
the absorption of the at least one film layer is within a range of 20% and 80% including endpoints at a wavelength within the range of 400 nm and 3 μm;
the at least one film layer has a reflectance of less than 10% at a wavelength within the range of 400 nm and 3 μm;
the at least one film layer comprises a metal; and
the at least one film layer has a thickness such that metal particles within the laser bond area have a maximum width of less than or equal to 250 nm.
14. The assembly of claim 1 , wherein the optical fiber has a first coefficient of thermal expansion, the substrate has a second coefficient of thermal expansion, and the laser bond area has a coefficient of thermal expansion that is between the first coefficient of thermal expansion and the second coefficient of thermal expansion.
15. The assembly of claim 1 , wherein the substrate comprises glass having a hydroxyl (—OH) concentration greater than or equal to 300 ppm.
16. The assembly of claim 1 , wherein the optical fiber comprises fused silica.
17. The assembly of claim 1 , further comprising a connector housing, wherein the substrate and the optical fiber are disposed within the connector housing.
18. The assembly of claim 1 , wherein:
the optical fiber is one of a plurality of optical fibers bonded to the surface of the substrate in a similar manner, and
for each optical fiber of the plurality of optical fibers, the laser bond area is one of a plurality of laser bond areas that are spaced apart from each other along a length of the optical fiber.
19. An assembly comprising:
a glass-based substrate comprising a planar surface, wherein:
the glass-based substrate has a hydroxyl (—OH) concentration greater than or equal to 300 ppm; and
the glass-based substrate has an absorption of at least 15% at a wavelength within a range of 2.5 μm and 3 μm; and
an optical fiber bonded to the planar surface of the glass-based substrate by a laser bond area.
20. The assembly of claim 19 , wherein the optical fiber comprises fused silica, and wherein the substrate comprises a soda lime glass, an aluminosilicate glass, an alkali-aluminosilicate glass, a borosilicate glass, an alkali-borosilicate glass, an aluminoborosilicate glass, or an alkali-aluminoborosilicate glass.