Methods of forming prelithiated silicon alloy electroactive materials
A method of making a negative electrode material for an electrochemical cell that cycles lithium ions is provided that includes centrifugally distributing a molten precursor comprising silicon and lithium by contacting the molten precursor with a rotating surface in a centrifugal atomizing reactor. The molten precursor is solidified to form a plurality of substantially round solid electroactive particles comprising an alloy of lithium and silicon and having a D50 diameter of less than or equal to about 20 micrometers. In certain variations, the negative electroactive material particles may further have one or more coatings disposed thereon, such as a carbonaceous coating and/or an oxide-based coating.
1. A method of making a negative electrode material for an electrochemical cell that cycles lithium ions, the method comprising:
centrifugally distributing a molten precursor comprising silicon and lithium by contacting the molten precursor with a rotating surface in a centrifugal atomizing reactor and solidifying the molten precursor to form a plurality of substantially round solid electroactive particles comprising an alloy of lithium and silicon and having a D50 diameter of less than or equal to about 20 micrometers.
2. The method of claim 1 , wherein the alloy is represented by a formula Li 4.4x Si, where x is greater than 0 to less than or equal to about 0.85.
3. The method of claim 1 , wherein the alloy is represented by a formula Li 4.4x Si, where x is greater than or equal to about 0.1 to less than or equal to about 0.5.
4. The method of claim 1 , wherein the alloy comprises a phase selected from the group consisting of: Li 22 Si 5 , Li 13 Si 4 , Li 7 Si 3 , Li 12 Si 7 , LiSi, Si, and combinations thereof.
5. The method of claim 1 , wherein a temperature in the centrifugal atomizing reactor is greater than or equal to 400° C. to less than or equal to about 1,000° C. during the centrifugally distributing.
6. The method of claim 1 , wherein an environment in the centrifugal atomizing reactor has less than or equal to about 0.5% by weight of any oxygen-bearing species.
7. The method of claim 1 , wherein a flow rate of the centrifugal atomizing reactor is greater than or equal to 50 kg/hour to less than or equal to about 500 kg/hour.
8. The method of claim 1 , wherein the D50 diameter is greater than or equal to about 1 μm to less than or equal to about 10 μm and the plurality of substantially round solid electroactive particles has a polydispersity index of less than or equal to about 1.2.
9. A method of making a negative electrode material for an electrochemical cell that cycles lithium ions, the method comprising:
centrifugally distributing a molten precursor comprising silicon and lithium by contacting the molten precursor with a rotating surface in a centrifugal atomizing reactor and solidifying the molten precursor to form a plurality of substantially round solid electroactive particles comprising an alloy of lithium and silicon and having a D50 diameter of greater than or equal to about 1 micrometer to less than or equal to about 20 micrometers and having a polydispersity index of less than or equal to about 1.2; and
passing the plurality of substantially round solid electroactive particles into a distinct reactor chamber in fluid communication with the centrifugal atomizing reactor and applying a coating to respective surfaces of the plurality of substantially round solid electroactive particles.
10. The method of claim 9 , wherein the coating comprises an oxide-based coating selected from the group consisting of: aluminum oxide (Al 2 O 3 ), titanium dioxide (TiO 2 ), silicon dioxide (SiO 2 ), vanadium pentoxide (V 2 O 5 ), zirconium dioxide (ZrO 2 ), hafnium dioxide (HfO 2 ), tin oxide (SnO 2 ), zinc oxide (ZnO), and combinations thereof.
11. The method of claim 10 , wherein the applying is an atomic layer deposition (ALD) process.
12. The method of claim 9 , wherein the applying is pyrolyzing a carbon-containing precursor at a temperature of greater than or equal to about 600° C. to less than or equal to about 1,400° C. and the coating comprises a carbonaceous coating comprising both graphitic carbon and amorphous carbon.
13. The method of claim 9 , wherein the distinct reactor chamber is a first reactor chamber and the coating is a first coating and the passing further comprises passing the plurality of substantially round solid electroactive particles from the first reactor chamber into a second distinct reactor chamber in fluid communication with the first reactor chamber to apply a second coating over the first coating on the plurality of substantially round solid electroactive particles.
14. The method of claim 13 , wherein (i) the first coating comprises a carbonaceous coating and the second coating comprises an oxide-based coating or (ii) the first coating comprises an oxide-based coating and the second coating comprises a carbonaceous coating.
15. The method of claim 13 , wherein the alloy is represented by a formula Li 4.4x Si, where x is greater than 0 and less than or equal to about 0.85.
16. The method of claim 13 , wherein a temperature in the centrifugal atomizing reactor is greater than or equal to 400° C. to less than or equal to about 1,000° C. during the centrifugally distributing.
17. The method of claim 13 , wherein an environment in the centrifugal atomizing reactor has less than or equal to about 0.5% by weight of any oxygen-bearing species.