System, method and composition for making thin-walled carbon nanomaterials
The present disclosure relates to thin-walled carbon nanomaterial, such as thin-walled carbon nanotubes, and systems, methods and compositions for production thereof. The method for producing a thin walled carbon nanotube comprises heating a carbonate electrolyte to obtain a molten carbonate electrolyte; disposing the molten carbonate electrolyte between an anode and a cathode in a cell; applying an electrical current to the cathode and the anode in the cell; and, limiting a diameter of the carbon nanomaterial.
1. A system for making a thin-walled carbon nanomaterial product (CNM), the system comprising:
a. an anode;
b. a cathode;
c. an inter-electrode space that is defined between the anode and the cathode;
d. a carbonate electrolyte media positionable within the inter-electrode space,
e. a source of current for applying a current density is at least 0.01 A/cm 2 across the electrodes;
f. a source of heat configured to heat the electrolyte media to a temperature so as to create a molten electrolyte media;
g. a diameter-limiting component that is mixable with the electrolyte media, wherein the diameter-limiting component is configured to provide an oxidative and/or conductive environment within the inter-electrode space, and wherein the diameter-limiting component comprises calcium metaborate, boric acid combined with calcium oxide, or a combination thereof; and
h. a source of carbon for introducing a carbon input into the inter-electrode space.
2. The system of claim 1 , wherein the diameter-limiting component is calcium metaborate.
3. The system of claim 1 , wherein the diameter-limiting component is a combination of boric acid and calcium oxide.
4. The system of claim 1 , wherein the diameter-limiting component is present in amount of about 0.01 to about 5 molal with respect to the carbonate electrolyte media or the molten carbonate electrolyte media.
5. The system of claim 1 , wherein the anode and cathode are positioned substantially parallel to each other and aligned substantially vertically within the system.
6. The system of claim 5 , wherein the anode is a Nichrome sheet that is about 0.01 to 1 inch thick and the cathode is a brass sheet that is about 0.01 to 1 inch thick.
7. The system of claim 6 , wherein the anode is two series connected anodes and the cathode is positioned therebetween separated for each anode by about 0.1 to about 4 inches.
8. The method of claim 7 , wherein the step of limiting the diameter of the CNM comprises mixing the diameter-limiting component with the molten carbonate electrolyte media.
9. The method of claim 7 , wherein the diameter-limiting component is calcium metaborate.
10. The method of claim 7 , wherein the diameter-limiting component comprises a combination of boric acid and calcium oxide.
11. The system of claim 1 , wherein the source of carbon is carbon dioxide.
12. A method for producing a thin-walled carbon nanomaterial (CNM), the method comprising:
a. heating a carbonate electrolyte media to obtain a molten carbonate electrolyte contained within a cell;
b. disposing the molten carbonate electrolyte between an anode and a cathode;
c. applying an electrical current to the cathode and the anode in the cell; and
d. limiting a diameter of the thin-walled CNM by mixing a diameter-limiting component with the electrolyte media or the molten carbonate electrolyte, wherein the diameter-limiting component comprises calcium metaborate, boric acid combined with calcium oxide, or a combination thereof, wherein the step of limiting the diameter of the thin-walled CNM comprises:
i. adding about 0.01 to about 5 molal of a diameter-limiting component comprising calcium metaborate, boric acid combined with calcium oxide, lithium oxide, or a combination thereof to the carbonate electrolyte media or to the molten carbonate electrolyte media;
ii. modulating the electrical current to a low electrolysis current density;
iii. providing an oxidative environment within the inter-electrode space;
iv. providing a conductive environment within the inter-electrode space; or
v. any combination thereof.
13. The method of claim 12 , further comprising a step of selecting a nanomaterial morphology.
14. The method of claim 12 , wherein the step of limiting the diameter of the CNM comprises mixing the diameter-limiting component with the carbonate electrolyte media.
15. The method of claim 12 , wherein the diameter-limiting component is added in amount of about 0.01 to about 5 molal with respect to the carbonate electrolyte media or the molten carbonate electrolyte media.
16. The method of claim 12 , wherein the step of limiting the diameter of the CNM produced comprises modulating the electrical current to a low electrolysis current density.
17. The method of claim 12 , wherein the step of limiting the diameter of the CNM produced further comprises a step of stopping the electrical current between about 5 minutes and about 90 minutes.
18. The method of claim 12 , further comprising a step of collecting the thin-walled carbon nanomaterial product from the cathode.
19. The method of claim 12 , wherein the electrolysis current is alternating current.
20. The method of claim 19 , further comprising a step of adding zinc oxide to the cell.
21. An electrolyte media for making a thin-walled carbon nanomaterial product, the electrolyte media comprising:
a. a carbonate; and
b. a diameter-limiting component, wherein the diameter-limiting component is configured to provide an oxidative and/or conductive environment for making the thin-walled carbon nanomaterial product, and wherein the diameter-limiting component comprises calcium metaborate, boric acid combined with calcium oxide, or a combination thereof.
22. The electrolyte media of claim 21 , wherein the carbonate is an alkali carbonate, an alkali earth carbonate or combinations thereof.
23. The electrolyte media of claim 22 , wherein the electrolyte media further comprises an oxide, a borate, a sulfate, a nitrate, a chloride, a chlorate, a phosphate or combinations thereof.
24. The electrolyte media of claim 21 , wherein the diameter-limiting component is calcium metaborate, boric acid combined with calcium oxide, or a combination thereof.
25. The electrolyte media of claim 21 , wherein the diameter-limiting component is present in an amount of about 0.01 to about 5 molal with respect to the carbonate.
26. The electrolyte media of claim 21 in a molten state.
27. The electrolyte media of claim 21 , wherein the diameter-limiting component is calcium metaborate.
28. The electrolyte media of claim 21 , wherein the diameter-limiting component comprises a combination of boric acid and calcium oxide.