Droplet ejecting coatings
Coating compositions are provided that eject droplets of condensed fluid from a surface. The coatings include a nanostructured coating layer and in some embodiments, also include a hydrophobic layer deposited thereon. The coating materials eject droplets from the surface in the presence of non-condensing gases such as air and may be deployed under conditions of supersaturation of the condensed fluid to be ejected. A heat exchanger design utilizing the coating is described herein.
1. A heat exchanger that comprises coated surfaces,
wherein the coated surfaces comprise a nanostructured coating material deposited on regions of a metal surface of the heat exchanger and a hydrophobic functional layer coated over the nanostructured coating material,
wherein when the heat exchanger is in operation and is exposed to a process fluid under conditions in which condensation of at least a portion of condensable components in the process fluid occurs, droplets of a condensate from the condensable components are formed on the coated surfaces and the coated surfaces eject the droplets, and
wherein the nanostructured coating material comprises a metal oxide that is deposited onto the metal surface of the heat exchanger without the introduction of an electric current.
2. A heat exchanger according to claim 1 , wherein the nanostructured coating material and the metal surface of the heat exchanger comprise different metals.
3. A heat exchanger according to claim 1 , further comprising one or more hydrophilic surface(s),
wherein at least one hydrophilic surface is adjacent to at least one coated surface,
wherein the adjacent coated surface is hydrophobic, and
wherein when the heat exchanger is in operation, at least a portion of the droplets that are formed on the hydrophobic coated surface transfer to and traverse the hydrophilic surface as a liquid condensate.
4. A heat exchanger according to claim 3 , wherein the liquid condensate is collected by a downstream condensate collector.
5. A heat exchanger according to claim 3 , wherein the hydrophilic surface(s) comprise a nanostructured material.
6. A heat exchanger according to claim 1 , wherein the droplets are ejected in the presence of one or more non-condensing gas.
7. A heat exchanger according to claim 1 , wherein the droplets are ejected at supersaturation of the condensate above about 1.1.
8. A heat exchanger according to claim 1 , wherein the droplets are ejected at an arithmetic mean droplet diameter less than about 500 micrometers.
9. A heat exchanger according to claim 1 , wherein when the heat exchanger is in operation, frost formation on the heat exchanger is reduced or eliminated in comparison with a heat exchanger that does not comprise the coated surfaces.
10. A heat exchanger according to claim 1 , wherein the metal oxide of the nanostructured coating material comprises a transition metal oxide, tin (IV) oxide, magnesium (II) oxide, aluminum oxide, or an earth metal oxide.
11. A heat exchanger according to claim 1 , wherein the nanostructured coating material comprises zinc oxide, magnesium (II) oxide (MgO), iron (II, III) oxide (Fe 3 O 4 ), iron (III) oxide (Fe 2 O 3 ), manganese (IV) oxide (MnO 2 ), manganese (II, III) oxide (Mn 3 O 4 ), manganese (III) oxide (Mn 2 O 3 ), nickel (II) oxide (NiO), nickel (III) oxide (Ni 2 O 3 ) chromium (III) oxide (Cr 2 O 3 ), copper (II) oxide (CuO), cobalt (II) oxide (CoO), cobalt (III) oxide (Co 2 O 3 ), or cobalt (II, III) oxide (Co 3 O 4 ).
12. A heat exchanger according to claim 1 , wherein the hydrophobic functional layer comprises one or more hydrophobic functionality selected from alkyl, vinyl, phenyl, and fluoroalkyl.
13. A heat exchanger according to claim 12 , wherein the hydrophobic functional layer comprises alkylsilane, vinylsilane, phenylsilane, or fluoroalkylsilane.
14. A heat exchanger according to claim 1 , wherein the nanostructured coating material is immobilized on the metal surface of the heat exchanger by heat treatment at a temperature from 100° C. to 600° C.
15. A heat exchanger according to claim 1 , wherein the nanostructured coating material is deposited onto the metal surface of the heat exchanger in a solution comprising: an alkaline earth metal or a transition metal salt; and hexamine.
16. A heat exchanger according to claim 1 , wherein the metal surface of the heat exchanger comprises aluminum and the nanostructured coating material comprises zinc and/or manganese.
17. A heat exchanger according to claim 1 , wherein retention of the condensate on the heat exchanger surface is prevented when the temperature of the surface of the heat exchanger is below the dew point of the condensable components of the process fluid.
18. A heat exchanger according to claim 1 , wherein formation of adhered frost or ice on the coated surfaces is prevented when the temperature of the coated surfaces is below the freezing point of the condensable components of the process fluid.
19. A heat exchanger that comprises coated surfaces,
wherein the coated surfaces comprise a nanostructured coating material deposited on regions of a metal surface of the heat exchanger and a hydrophobic functional layer coated over the nanostructured coating material,
wherein when the heat exchanger is in operation and is exposed to a process fluid under conditions in which condensation of at least a portion of condensable components in the process fluid occurs, droplets of a condensate from the condensable components are formed on the coated surfaces and the coated surfaces eject the droplets, further comprising one or more hydrophilic surface(s),
wherein at least one hydrophilic surface is adjacent to at least one coated surface,
wherein the adjacent coated surface is hydrophobic, and
wherein when the heat exchanger is in operation, at least a portion of the droplets that are formed on the hydrophobic coated surface transfer to and traverse the hydrophilic surface as a liquid condensate.
20. A heat exchanger according to claim 19 , wherein the liquid condensate is collected by a downstream condensate collector.
21. A heat exchanger according to claim 19 , wherein the hydrophilic surface(s) comprise a nanostructured material.
22. A heat exchanger that comprises coated surfaces,
wherein the coated surfaces comprise a nanostructured coating material deposited on regions of a metal surface of the heat exchanger and a hydrophobic functional layer coated over the nanostructured coating material,
wherein when the heat exchanger is in operation and is exposed to a process fluid under conditions in which condensation of at least a portion of condensable components in the process fluid occurs, droplets of a condensate from the condensable components are formed on the coated surfaces and the coated surfaces eject the droplets, and
wherein the hydrophilic surface(s) comprise a nanostructured material.
23. A heat exchanger that comprises coated surfaces,
wherein the coated surfaces comprise a nanostructured coating material deposited on regions of a metal surface of the heat exchanger and a hydrophobic functional layer coated over the nanostructured coating material,
wherein when the heat exchanger is in operation and is exposed to a process fluid under conditions in which condensation of at least a portion of condensable components in the process fluid occurs, droplets of a condensate from the condensable components are formed on the coated surfaces and the coated surfaces eject the droplets, and
wherein the nanostructured coating material is deposited onto the metal surface of the heat exchanger in a solution comprising: an alkaline earth metal or a transition metal salt; and hexamine.