Intersectional short-pulse electrical stimulation of the brain

1. A system for electrical brain stimulation comprising:

a plurality of electrodes arranged in a plurality of electrode groups, each electrode group comprising two or more electrodes where at least one electrode is set to a different potential level such that a voltage difference is generated between members of an electrode group, the plurality of electrodes configured to be arranged on one of:

an exterior surface of a patient's scalp,

an exterior surface of the patient's skull,

in the patient's skull, on the patient's brain or dura surface, or

in the patient's brain; and

a ground-independent switching circuit configured to selectively activate and deactivate electrode groups via at least one ground-independent switch;

wherein axes connecting electrodes set to different potential levels within each electrode group or axes of generated electrical fields intersect at one or more predetermined focal points,

wherein the ground-independent switching circuit is programmed to sequentially activate and deactivate electrode groups, and

wherein the system utilizes the capacitive properties of a neuronal and/or glial cell membrane to implement a charge integrating mechanism, which temporally integrates an effect of multiple independent, sequential electrical pulses delivered through the two or more activated electrodes.

2. The system of claim 1 , wherein each electrode in the plurality of electrodes is a member of one or more electrode groups.

3. The system of claim 1 , wherein each electrode in the plurality of electrodes is only a member of one electrode group.

4. The system of claim 1 , wherein a cycle comprises one activation and one deactivation of each electrode in an electrode group, and a duration of the cycle is 1 to 100 milliseconds.

5. The system of claim 4 , wherein each electrode group is activated for shorter than 3.5 ms.

6. The system of claim 4 , wherein a pause time between consecutive reactivations of any electrode groups is at least twice as long as the duration of its preceding activation.

7. The system of claim 6 , wherein a plurality of high-intensity pulses is perceived by any cell of brain tissue as a smooth, continuous integrative stimulus at the focal point, due to the capacitive properties and consequent temporal integration of the neuronal and/or glial cell membrane.

8. The system of claim 1 , wherein a cycle comprises one activation and one deactivation of each electrode in an electrode group, and a duration of the cycle is less than a time constant of the neuronal and/or glial cell membrane.

9. The system of claim 1 , wherein the ground-independent switching circuit comprises:

the at least one ground-independent switch, which is configured to connect or disconnect two or more signal lines;

at least one diode; and

a commanding circuit configured to drive the at least one ground-independent switch.

10. The system of claim 9 , wherein the at least one ground-independent switch comprises a phototransistor.

11. The system of claim 9 , wherein:

the ground-independent switching circuit comprises a plurality of ground-independent switches configured to connect or disconnect two or more signal lines, a plurality of diodes, and a commanding circuit configured to drive the plurality of ground-independent switches,

the plurality of ground-independent switches comprise a plurality of phototransistors, and

each electrode pole is connected to a collector-emitter connection of two serially connected phototransistors.

12. The system of claim 1 , wherein the plurality of electrodes comprise a plurality of small surface electrodes.

13. The system of claim 1 , wherein the plurality of electrodes comprise a plurality of large sponge electrodes.

14. The system of claim 1 , further comprising a current or voltage source.

15. The system of claim 13 , wherein an electrode group comprises an electrode pair in which two electrodes are configured such that a first electrode is physically connected either temporarily or constantly to one pole of the current or voltage source, and a second electrode is connected to a second pole of the current or voltage source.

16. A method of electrical brain stimulation comprising;

arranging a plurality of electrodes on an exterior surface of a patient's scalp, an exterior surface of the patient's skull, in the patient's skull, on the patient's brain or dura surface, or in the patient's brain in a plurality of electrode groups, each electrode group comprising two or more electrodes where at least one electrode is set to a different potential level such that a voltage difference is generated between members of an electrode group; and

selectively activating and deactivating electrode groups via at least one ground-independent switch,

wherein axes connecting electrodes are set to different potential levels within each electrode group or axes of generated electrical fields intersect at one or more predetermined focal points, and

wherein the capacitive properties of neuronal and/or glial cell membranes are utilized to implement a charge integrating mechanism, which temporally integrates an effect of multiple independent, sequential electrical pulses delivered through the two or more activated electrodes.

17. The method of claim 16 , wherein deactivated electrodes are electrically decoupled from a stimulation circuit to avoid shunting an electrical gradient generated by connected active electrodes.

18. The method of claim 16 , wherein a cycle comprises one activation and one deactivation of each electrode in an electrode group, and a duration of the cycle is less than a time constant of the neuronal and/or glial cell membrane.

19. The method of claim 18 , wherein the time constant of the neuronal and/or glial cell membrane is 1 to 100 milliseconds.

20. The method of claim 19 , wherein each electrode group is activated for shorter than 3.5 ms.