Method for making nano- and micro-particles for use as a proppant and fluid-loss-control additive
Nano- and micro-particles (NMP) can be formed from an oil/water emulsion. The emulsion is made by mixing a liquid solvent, at least one surfactant, a particle-forming compound, and at least curing agent. If desired, pH control agents and viscosity enhancers can be added to the liquid solvent. The particle-forming compound and the curing agents are mixed together and form the oil phase in the emulsion and after curing, the particles are formed. The nano- and micro-particles can be used as proppant to enhance the conductivity of nano- and microfractures and fluid-loss-control additive for hydraulic fracturing operations.
1. A nano- and micro-particle mixture comprising:
a liquid solvent that is 29 wt % seawater;
at least one surfactant comprising 3 wt % of a first surfactant, and 7 wt % of a surfactant comprising 10-20% by weight proprietary ingredient 6615, 10-20% by weight ethoxylated isotridecanol, 1-10% proprietary ingredient 6715, 1-5% solvent naphtha, 0.1-1% by weight naphthalene;
a particle-forming compound that is 30 wt % resin comprising modified bisphenol A epoxy resin, 90-100% by weight phenol, 4-(1-methylethylidene) Bis, Polymer with (Chloromethane) Oxerane, 1-5% by weight epoxidize diluent reactive, 0-10% by weight epoxidize cresylglyciderether modified, and 0.1-0.5% by weight non-silicone additive;
a pH control agent that is sodium hydroxide and the sodium hydroxide elevates the pH of the emulsion to at least about 12;
and at least one curing agent to form an emulsion which is 30 wt % of a composition comprising between 5-15% by weight benzyl alcohol, 15-35% by weight isophoromediamine adduct, and 50-60% by weight aliphatic amine adduct,
wherein the size of the nano particles is less than 1 μm and the size of the microparticles is between 1 and 250 μm; and
wherein the pH of the emulsion is at least about 12; and wherein the density of the nanoparticles and microparticles is 1.50 g/ml or less.
2. The mixture of claim 1 wherein the emulsion is incubated at about 60° C. and for about 60 minutes.
3. The mixture of claim 1 , wherein
the liquid solvent comprises water, seawater, brine comprising monovalent, divalent, and multivalent salts, an alcohol comprising ethanol, propanol, butanol, or combinations thereof;
the at least one surfactant comprises anionic surfactants, cationic surfactants, nonionic surfactants, amphoteric surfactants or combinations thereof;
the particle-forming compound comprises aliphatic epoxides, anhydrides, glycidyl amine epoxide, cycloaliphatic epoxides, epoxy functional resins, polyurethane resins, phenol-formaldehyde resin, bis-phenol A diglycidyl ether, poly glycidyl ethers, acrylic resin, glycidyl ethers, bis-phenol F diglycidyl ethernovalac resins, or combinations thereof; and
the at least one curing agent comprises isophorone diamine, boron tri-fluoride derivatives, imidazolines, mercaptans, hydrazides, polyamides, functional resins, mono ethanol amine, benzyl dimethylamine, lewis acids, tertiary amines, cycloaliphatic amines, amidoamines, aliphatic amines, aromatic amines, isophorone, imidazoles, sulfide, amides or their derivatives.
4. The mixture of claim 1 , wherein the pH control agent comprises, sodium hydroxide, potassium hydroxide, calcium hydroxide, or combinations thereof.
5. The mixture of claim 1 , further comprising a viscosity enhancer to the emulsion; wherein the viscosity enhancer comprises calcium carbonate nanoparticles, silicate nanoparticles, or water-soluble polymers comprising polyacrylamide or polyvinyl alcohol.
6. The mixture of claim 1 , wherein the size of the microparticles is less than 100 μm.