Methods for the manufacture of colorfast masonry
The invention is directed to compositions and methods for the manufacture of pigmented solids structures for which can be used for construction and/or decoration. Manufacturing comprises fixing one or more pigments to an aggregate material such as crushed rock, stone or sand. The pigmented aggregate is incubated with urease or urease producing microorganisms, an amount of a nitrogen source such as urea, and an amount of calcium source such as calcium chloride forming calcite bridges between particles of aggregate. The resulting solid has a hardness and colorfastness for most any construction material. Using selected aggregate and pigment, the process also provides for the manufacture of simulated-stone materials such as clay or granite bricks or blocks, marble counter-tops, and more. The invention is also directed to composition containing microorganisms and pigment as kits that can be added to most any aggregate materials.
1. A biocement composition comprising urease producing microorganisms, a pigment, an aggregate material, and calcium carbonate, wherein individual particles of the aggregate material are bound to each other by the calcium carbonate and wherein the pigment is affixed to the surface of particles of the aggregate by the calcium carbonate.
2. The composition of claim 1 , wherein the microorganisms comprise one or more of parasites, eukaryotic cells, bacterial cells, algae and spores.
3. The composition of claim 2 , wherein the microorganisms are encapsulated, microencapsulated or coated with nutrients, proteins, polysaccharides, or polymers.
4. The composition of claim 1 , wherein the pigment is a powder, a paste, a gel or an aqueous solution.
5. The composition of claim 1 , wherein the pigment comprises purple, blue, orange, green, yellow, red, brown, black and/or white pigments.
6. The composition of claim 1 , wherein the aggregate material comprises rock, stone, glass, fiberglass, wood, biomass, paper, metal, plastic, polymers, rubber, imitation rubber, vinyl, minerals, imitations of rock or stone, recycled materials such as, for example, recycled brick, concrete, stone, mine tailings, mining residues, scrubber wastes, or combinations thereof.
7. The composition of claim 1 , wherein the aggregate material comprises particles having a particle shape selected from the group: round, rounded, oval, spherical (S grade), square, rectangular, hedral, fiber, lath, angular, elongated, needle-like, acicular, flat, flaky, cylindrical, spongy, cubic, cubical and combinations and variations thereof.
8. The composition of claim 7 , wherein the particles comprise very fine particles, fine particles, medium particles and coarse particles, wherein very fine particles have a standard mesh size from 32-300; fine particles have a standard mesh size from 10-32; medium particles have a standard mesh size from 1-10; and coarse particles have a size greater than or equal to 2 mm.
9. The composition of claim 1 , where in the pigment comprises a pigment selected from the group of chrome orange, cadmium red, sanguine, caput mortuum, venetian red, oxide red, red ochre, burnt sienna, red lead, vermillion, clay earth pigments, raw umber, burnt umber, raw sienna, carbon black, ivory black, vine black, lamp black, iron black, titanium black, antimony white, barium sulfate, cremnitz white, titanium white, zinc white, fluorescent pigments, luminescent pigments, and phosphorescent pigments.
10. The composition of claim 2 , wherein the urease producing organisms comprise Sporosarcina pasteurii, Sporosarcina ureae, Proteus vulgaris, Bacillus sphaericus, Myxococcus xanthus, Proteus mirabilis, Helicobacter pylori and other strains, serotypes, variations, mutations, CRISPR modifications and combinations thereof.
11. The composition of claim 1 , further comprising fibers or nano-fibers.
12. The composition of claim 11 , wherein the fibers or nano-fibers comprise polypropylene fibers, HDPE fibers, carbon fibers, high-strength carbon fibers, rayon fibers, biodegradable polymer fibers, poly lactic acid fibers, fibers of cellulose, mineral fibers, chitin, plant fibers, or combinations of one or more thereof.
13. The composition of claim 1 , wherein the composition resists leaching of pigment for a period of time when exposed to environmental conditions.
14. The composition of claim 13 , wherein the environmental conditions comprise one or more of rain, snow, visible light, rain, and temperature variations.
15. The composition of claim 14 , wherein the period of time is the useful life of masonry made from the composition.
16. The composition of claim 13 , wherein the period of time comprises ten years or more.
17. The composition of claim 1 , wherein the urease producing organisms comprise Sporosarcina pasteurii and the pigment is a powder.
18. The composition of claim 17 , wherein the aggregate material comprises rock, stone minerals, imitations of rock or stone, recycled materials such as, for example, recycled brick, concrete, stone, mine tailings, mining residues, scrubber wastes, or combinations thereof.