Nanoparticle coated proppants and methods of making and use thereof
Producing proppants with nanoparticle proppant coating include coating the proppant particles with a strengthening agent, functionalized nanoparticles, and unfunctionalized organic resin to produce proppant with nanoparticle proppant coating. Additionally, a proppant comprising a proppant particle and a nanoparticle proppant coating is provided. The nanoparticle proppant coating includes a strengthening agent, functionalized nanoparticles, and unfunctionalized organic resin. The nanoparticle proppant coating coats the proppant particle.
1. A nanoparticle coated proppant comprising:
a proppant particle comprising sand, ceramic material, or combinations thereof; and
a nanoparticle proppant coating coats the proppant particle, the nanoparticle proppant coating comprising
unfunctionalized organic resin,
a strengthening agent comprising at least one of carbon nanotubes, silica, alumina, glass, mica, graphite, talc, nanoclay, graphene, carbon nanofibers, boron nitride nanotubes, vanadium pentoxide, zinc oxide, calcium carbonate, zirconium oxide, titanium oxide, silicon nitride, silicon carbide, or aramid fibers, and
functionalized nanoparticles adhered to the unfunctionalized organic resin, in which the functionalized nanoparticles comprise nanoparticles having at least one attached omniphobic moiety; and
the at least one attached omniphobic moiety comprises at least a fluoroalkyl-containing group comprising 1H, 1H, 2H, 2H-perfluorooctylsilane.
2. The nanoparticle coated proppant of claim 1 , in which
the at least one attached omniphobic moiety further comprises a halogen, and
the fluoroalkyl-containing group is a halosilane.
3. The nanoparticle coated proppant of claim 1 , in which the functionalized nanoparticles are further functionalized with a terminal binding group which binds to the unfunctionalized organic resin.
4. The nanoparticle coated proppant of claim 3 , in which the terminal binding group comprises at least one of an epoxy group, an amine group, a methyacryloxy group, an acryloxy group, an acrylamide group, an aminophenyl group, a carboxyl group, a halogen group, a hydroxyl group, an isocynate group, a mercapto group, an allyl group, or a silane ester group.
5. The nanoparticle coated proppant of claim 1 , in which the nanoparticle proppant coating further comprises at least one of a coupling agent, a crosslinker, or a lubricating agent.
6. The nanoparticle coated proppant of claim 1 , in which the functionalized nanoparticles comprise at least one of nanosilica, nanoalumina, nanozinc oxide, nanotubes, carbon nanotubes, nanocalcium carbonate, mica, vanadium pentoxide, boron nitride nanotubes, nanozirconium oxide, nanotitanium oxide, nano clay, nanobarium oxide, or nanoboron oxide.
7. The nanoparticle coated proppant of claim 1 , in which the functionalized nanoparticles comprise nanosilica.
8. The nanoparticle coated proppant of claim 7 , in which the functionalized nanoparticles comprise a particle size of from 2 to 500 nm.
9. The nanoparticle coated proppant of claim 1 , in which the strengthening agent comprises carbon nanotubes.
10. The nanoparticle coated proppant of claim 1 , in which the unfunctionalized organic resin comprises phenol-formaldehyde.
11. The nanoparticle coated proppant of claim 1 , in which the nanoparticle coated proppant has at least one of a water contact angle of from 70° to 180° or an oil contact angle of from 30° to 180°.
12. The nanoparticle coated proppant of claim 1 , in which the nanoparticle proppant coating comprises strengthening agent and functionalized nanoparticles uniformly distributed within the unfunctionalized organic resin.
13. The nanoparticle coated proppant of claim 1 , in which the unfunctionalized organic resin is a separate layer from the functionalized nanoparticles.
14. A hydraulic fracturing fluid comprising:
water; and
the nanoparticle coated proppant of claim 1 .