Methods for characterizing and engineering protein-protein interactions
Characterization of the binding dynamics at the interface between any two proteins that specifically interact plays a role in myriad biomedical applications. The methods disclosed herein provide for the high-throughput characterization of the specific interaction at the interface between two protein binding partners and the identification of functionally significant mutations of one or both protein binding partners. For example, the methods disclosed herein may be useful for epitope and paratope mapping of an antibody-antigen pair, which is useful for the discovery and development of novel therapies, vaccines, diagnostics, among other biomedical applications.
1. A method for identifying compensatory mutations between two mutant protein binding partners, the method comprising:
providing a first library of first protein binding partners expressed on a surface of a first plurality of haploid yeast cells, the first library of the first protein binding partners comprising a first wild-type polypeptide and a first plurality of mutant polypeptides of the first wild-type polypeptide;
providing a second library of second protein binding partners expressed on a surface of a second plurality of haploid yeast cells, the second library of the second protein binding partners comprising a second wild-type polypeptide and a second plurality of mutant polypeptides of the second wild-type polypeptide;
culturing the first and second populations of the haploid yeast cells such that diploid yeast cells are produced if the first and second protein binding partners interact;
measuring an observed affinity value between each protein binding partner of the first library of the first protein binding partners and each protein binding partner of the second library of the second protein binding partners; and,
identifying the compensatory mutations, based on the observed affinity value between each first protein binding partner and each second protein binding partner, one or more pairs of the first and second protein binding partners having an observed affinity value substantially different than the observed affinity value between the first wild-type polypeptide and the second wild-type polypeptide.
2. The method of claim 1 , wherein:
a. the observed affinity value between one polypeptide of the first plurality of mutant polypeptides and the second wild-type polypeptide is substantially lower than the observed affinity value between the first wild-type polypeptide and the second wild-type polypeptide;
b. the observed affinity value between the first wild-type polypeptide and one polypeptide of the second plurality of mutant polypeptides is substantially the same or substantially lower than the observed affinity value between the first wild-type polypeptide and the second wild-type polypeptide; and,
c. the observed affinity value between the one polypeptide of the first plurality of mutant polypeptides and the one polypeptide of the second plurality of mutant polypeptides is substantially the same or substantially higher than the observed affinity value between the first wild-type polypeptide and the second wild-type polypeptide.
3. The method of claim 1 , wherein:
a. the observed affinity value between one polypeptide of the first plurality of mutant polypeptides and the second wild-type polypeptide is substantially higher than the observed affinity value between the first wild-type polypeptide and the second wild-type polypeptide;
b. the observed affinity value between the first wild-type polypeptide and one polypeptide of the second plurality of mutant polypeptides is substantially the same or substantially higher than the observed affinity value between the first wild-type polypeptide and the second wild-type polypeptide; and,
c. the observed affinity value between the one polypeptide of the first plurality of mutant polypeptides and the one polypeptide of the second plurality of mutant polypeptides is substantially the same or substantially lower than the observed affinity value between the first wild-type polypeptide and the second wild-type polypeptide.
4. The method of claim 1 , wherein:
a. the observed affinity value between one polypeptide of the first plurality of mutant polypeptides and the second wild-type polypeptide is substantially the same than the observed affinity value between the first wild-type polypeptide and the second wild-type polypeptide;
b. the observed affinity value between the first wild-type polypeptide and one polypeptide of the second plurality of mutant polypeptides is substantially the same than the observed affinity value between the first wild-type polypeptide and the second wild-type polypeptide; and,
c. the observed affinity value between the one polypeptide of the first plurality of mutant polypeptides and the one polypeptide of the second plurality of mutant polypeptides is substantially higher or substantially lower than the observed affinity value between the first wild-type polypeptide and the second wild-type polypeptide.
5. The method of claim 1 , wherein the compensatory mutations result in an observed affinity value substantially and directionally different than the observed affinity value between the first wild-type polypeptide and the second wild-type polypeptide.
6. The method of claim 1 , wherein a mutation of one polypeptide of the first plurality of mutant polypeptides defines a paratope of an antibody, scFv, Fab, or VHH species.
7. The method of claim 5 , wherein each protein binding partner of the second library of the second protein binding partners is an antigen species.
8. The method of claim 1 , wherein each protein binding partner of the first library of the first protein binding partners is a receptor species.
9. The method of claim 7 , wherein each protein binding partner of the second library of the second protein binding partners is a ligand species.
10. The method of claim 1 , wherein each of the first plurality of mutant polypeptides and each of the second plurality of mutant polypeptides are produced by user-directed mutagenesis.
11. The method of claim 1 , wherein three or more compensatory mutations are identified.