Electrophotographic apparatus, process cartridge, and cartridge set
An electrophotographic apparatus having an electrophotographic photosensitive member, a charging unit, and a developing unit for forming a toner image on a surface of the electrophotographic photosensitive member, wherein the charging unit has a conductive member disposed to be contactable with the electrophotographic photosensitive member; a conductive layer at the surface of the conductive member has a matrix and a plurality of domains dispersed in the matrix; at least a portion of the domains is exposed at the outer surface of the conductive member; the outer surface of the conductive member is constituted of at least the matrix and the domains; a volume resistivity R1 of the matrix is greater than 1.00×10 12 Ω·cm; a volume resistivity R2 of the domains is smaller than R1; the developing unit contains the toner; and a dielectric loss tangent of the toner is at least 0.0027.
1. An electrophotographic apparatus comprising:
an electrophotographic photosensitive member,
a charging unit for charging a surface of the electrophotographic photosensitive member, and
a developing unit for developing an electrostatic latent image formed on the surface of the electrophotographic photosensitive member with a toner to form a toner image on the surface of the electrophotographic photosensitive member, wherein
the charging unit comprises a conductive member arranged to be capable of contacting the electrophotographic photosensitive member,
the conductive member comprises a support having a conductive outer surface, and a conductive layer disposed on the outer surface of the support,
the conductive layer comprises a matrix and a plurality of domains dispersed in the matrix,
the matrix contains a first rubber,
each of the domains contains a second rubber and an electronic conductive agent,
at least some of the domains is exposed at the outer surface of the conductive member,
the outer surface of the conductive member is composed of at least the matrix and the domains exposed at the outer surface of the conductive member,
the matrix has a volume resistivity R1 of larger than 1.00×10 12 Ω·cm,
the domains have a volume resistivity R2 of smaller than the volume resistivity R1 of the matrix,
the developing unit comprises the toner, and
the toner has a dielectric loss tangent of at least 0.0027.
2. The electrophotographic apparatus according to claim 1 , wherein the volume resistivity R1 of the matrix is at least 1.0×10 5 -times the volume resistivity R2 of the domains.
3. The electrophotographic apparatus according to claim 1 , wherein the toner has a relative permittivity εr of at least 2.00.
4. The electrophotographic apparatus according to claim 1 , wherein the toner comprises a toner particle containing a magnetic body.
5. The electrophotographic apparatus according to claim 4 , wherein, as measured by x-ray photoelectron spectroscopic analysis, a ratio (E2/E1) of an abundance (E2) of iron element to an abundance (E1) of carbon element present at the surface of the toner particle is not more than 0.00100.
6. The electrophotographic apparatus according to claim 4 , wherein, in observation of a cross section of the toner by a transmission electron microscope, within a distance from a contour of the cross section of the toner particle to a geometric center of the cross section, in a region not more than 10% of a distance from the contour, from 60 area % to 100 area % of the magnetic bodies is present.
7. The electrophotographic apparatus according to claim 4 , wherein, in observation of the cross section of the toner by a transmission electron microscope, when A1 is an area percentage occupied by the magnetic bodies in the region not more than 200 nm from the contour of the cross section of the toner particle toward the geometric center of the cross section, the area percentage A1 is from 35 to 85%.
8. The electrophotographic apparatus according to claim 4 , wherein, in observation of the cross section of the toner by a transmission electron microscope, when A1 is an area percentage occupied by the magnetic bodies in a region not more than 200 nm from the contour of the cross section of the toner particle toward the geometric center of the cross section and
A2 is an area percentage occupied by the magnetic bodies in a region from 200 to 400 nm from the contour of the cross section of the toner particle toward the geometric center of the cross section,
a ratio (A2/A1) of the area percentage A2 to the area percentage A1 is from 0 to 0.75.
9. The electrophotographic apparatus according to claim 4 , wherein, in observation of the outer surface of the conductive member, an arithmetic average value Dms (μm) of distances between adjacent walls of the domains in the conductive layer and a number-average primary particle diameter Dmg (μm) of the magnetic bodies are in a relationship Dms>Dmg.
10. The electrophotographic apparatus according to claim 1 , wherein, in observation of the outer surface of the conductive member, an arithmetic average value Dms (μm) of distances between adjacent walls of the domains in the conductive layer and a weight-average particle diameter Dt (μm) of the toner are in a relationship Dt>Dms.
11. The electrophotographic apparatus according to claim 1 , wherein, in observation of the cross section of the conductive member, an arithmetic average value Dm of distances between adjacent walls of the domains in the conductive layer is from 0.15 to 2.00 μm.
12. The electrophotographic apparatus according to claim 1 , wherein a circle-equivalent diameter D of the domains is from 0.10 to 2.00 μm.
13. The electrophotographic apparatus according to claim 1 , wherein
the first rubber is at least one selected from the group consisting of butyl rubber, styrene-butadiene rubber, and ethylene-propylene-diene rubber, and
the second rubber is at least one selected from the group consisting of styrene-butadiene rubber, butyl rubber, and acrylonitrile-butadiene rubber.
14. A process cartridge detachably provided to a main body of an electrophotographic apparatus, wherein
the process cartridge comprises
a charging unit for charging a surface of an electrophotographic photosensitive member, and
a developing unit for developing an electrostatic latent image formed on the surface of the electrophotographic photosensitive member with a toner to form a toner image on the surface of the electrophotographic photosensitive member,
the charging unit comprises a conductive member arranged to be capable of contacting the electrophotographic photosensitive member,
the conductive member comprises a support having a conductive outer surface, and a conductive layer disposed on the outer surface of the support,
the conductive layer comprises a matrix and a plurality of domains dispersed in the matrix,
the matrix contains a first rubber,
each of the domains contains a second rubber and an electronic conductive agent,
at least some of the domains is exposed at the outer surface of the conductive member,
the outer surface of the conductive member is composed of at least the matrix and the domains exposed at the outer surface of the conductive member,
the matrix has a volume resistivity R1 of larger than 1.00×10 12 Ω·cm,
the domains have a volume resistivity R2 of smaller than the volume resistivity R1 of the matrix,
the developing unit has the toner, and
the toner has a dielectric loss tangent of at least 0.0027.
15. A cartridge set having a first cartridge and a second cartridge detachably provided to a main body of an electrophotographic apparatus, wherein
the first cartridge comprises a charging unit for charging a surface of an electrophotographic photosensitive member, and comprises a first frame for supporting the charging unit,
the second cartridge comprises a toner container that accommodates a toner for forming a toner image on the surface of the electrophotographic photosensitive member by developing an electrostatic latent image formed on the surface of the electrophotographic photosensitive member,
the charging unit comprises a conductive member arranged to be capable of contacting the electrophotographic photosensitive member,
the conductive member comprises a support having a conductive outer surface and, a conductive layer disposed on the outer surface of the support,
the conductive layer comprises a matrix and a plurality of domains dispersed in the matrix,
the matrix contains a first rubber;
each of the domains contains a second rubber and an electronic conductive agent,
at least some of the domains is exposed at the outer surface of the conductive member;
the outer surface of the conductive member is composed of at least the matrix and the domains exposed at the outer surface of the conductive member,
the matrix has a volume resistivity R1 of larger than 1.00×10 12 Ω·cm,
the domains have a volume resistivity R2 of smaller than the volume resistivity R1 of the matrix; and
the toner has a dielectric loss tangent of at least 0.0027.