Additive manufacturing method and apparatus for fabricating a component using acoustic forces to position precursor material

1. A method of fabricating a component, comprising the steps of:

providing a precursor material in a working medium,

creating acoustic forces and positioning the precursor material in the working medium under an effect of the acoustic forces, so that a material distribution is formed, which has a shape of the component to be fabricated, and

subjecting at least one of the material distribution and the working medium to a fixation, so that the precursor material of the material distribution or the working medium surrounding the material distribution is bound, wherein

the step of creating the acoustic forces includes generating an acoustic interference image, which is an acoustically holographic image generated using an acoustic source device being connected by a connection with a control device and being operated by the control device for creating a primary acoustic wave and additionally to the acoustic source device, using a phase hologram, wherein, for generating the acoustically holographic image, the phase hologram includes an acoustic diffractive element that imparts a phase modulation on the primary acoustic wave created by the acoustic source device, said acoustic diffractive element including a solid holographic plate being arranged as a transmission hologram or a reflection hologram, a structure of said acoustic diffractive element being calculated in dependency on a wavefront of the primary acoustic wave and an intensity distribution corresponding to the shape of the component to be fabricated, wherein the acoustic diffractive element is placed along an acoustic beam path between the acoustic source device and the precursor material in the working medium,

the material distribution is formed by moving the precursor material towards energy extrema of the holographic image, and

the holographic image is created independently of an inner shape of a container accommodating the working medium with the precursor material.

2. The method according to claim 1 , wherein

the material distribution is formed by collecting the precursor material around the energy extrema of the holographic image or at a holding surface in a neighborhood of the energy extrema of the holographic image.

3. The method according to claim 1 , wherein

the holographic image is generated by transmitting the primary acoustic wave from the acoustic source device via the acoustic diffractive element to the working medium.

4. The method according to claim 3 , wherein

the acoustic diffractive element is a transmission hologram or a reflection hologram.

5. The method according to claim 1 , wherein

the holographic image is generated by a plurality of acoustic waves including the primary acoustic wave, the plurality of acoustic waves formed with a plurality of acoustic sources being acoustically coupled with the working medium.

6. The method according to claim 5 , wherein

the holographic image is generated by acoustic waves formed with at least one acoustic source being acoustically coupled with the working medium.

7. The method according to claim 1 , including at least one of the steps

generating the holographic image with varying acoustic waveform, and

an acoustic reference wave is transmitted from an acoustic reference source into the working medium simultaneously with the primary acoustic wave from the acoustic source device.

8. The method according to claim 1 , wherein

the fixation is triggered by at least one of thermal energy, an irradiation, and a fixation agent.

9. The method according to claim 1 , wherein

all the precursor material of the material distribution is subjected to the fixation simultaneously.

10. The method according to claim 1 , wherein

the fixation includes at least one of binding precursor materials of the material distribution with each other and binding the precursor materials of the material distribution with the working medium.

11. The method according to claim 1 , wherein

the fixation includes binding the working medium around the material distribution, wherein

the precursor material of the material distribution is separated from the bound working medium.

12. The method according to claim 1 , including at least one of the features

the precursor material comprises at least one of solid particles, liquid particles, droplets, bubbles, soft matter particles, molecules, biological matter, and biological cells, and

the working medium comprises one of a gas, a liquid, a slurry, an emulsion, a suspension, and a foam.

13. The method according to claim 1 , wherein the material distribution has one of the features

the material distribution extends along a line,

the material distribution extends along a surface,

the material distribution extends in a three-dimensional volume,

the material distribution is enclosed by a topologically closed surface, and

the material distribution comprises at least two sub-distributions.

14. The method according to claim 1 , wherein

the steps of generating the holographic image, forming the material distribution and subjecting at least one of the material distribution and the working medium to the fixation are repeated at least once.

15. An apparatus for fabricating a component, comprising:

an acoustic source device being arranged for creating acoustic forces and positioning a precursor material in a working medium under an effect of the acoustic forces, so that a material distribution is formed, which has a shape of the component to be fabricated, wherein

the acoustic source device is arranged for generating an acoustic interference image, which is an acoustically holographic image generated using the acoustic source device connected by a connection with a control device and being operated by the control device for creating a primary acoustic wave and additionally to the acoustic source device, using a phase hologram, wherein, for generating the acoustically holographic image, the phase hologram includes an acoustic diffractive element that imparts a phase modulation on the primary acoustic wave created by the acoustic source device, said acoustic diffractive element including a solid holographic plate being arranged as a transmission hologram or a reflection hologram, a structure of said acoustic diffractive element being calculated in dependency on a wavefront of the primary acoustic wave and an intensity distribution corresponding to the shape of the component to be fabricated, so that the precursor material can be moved towards energy extrema of the holographic image for forming the material distribution, the acoustic diffractive element is placed along an acoustic beam path between the acoustic source device and the precursor material in the working medium, and a container arranged for accommodating the working medium including the precursor material, the container having an inner shape, the acoustic source device configured to generate the holographic image independently of the inner shape.

16. The apparatus according to claim 15 , wherein the acoustic source device comprises an acoustic source.

17. The apparatus according to claim 15 , wherein the acoustic source device comprises

an acoustic array source being arranged for generating the holographic image.

18. The apparatus according to claim 15 , further comprising

an acoustic reference source which is arranged for transmitting an acoustic reference wave into the working medium.

19. The apparatus according to claim 18 , wherein the container includes at least one of

acoustic absorbing and anti-reflection materials on inner walls of the container,

a sub-container being arranged in the container for accommodating the working medium including the precursor material in a sub-volume of the container, and

a material carrier providing a holding surface in the working medium.

20. The apparatus according to claim 15 , further comprising

a fixation device being arranged for subjecting at least one of the material distribution and the working medium surrounding the material distribution to a fixation, wherein

the fixation device is arranged for supplying at least one of thermal energy, an irradiation and a fixation agent into the container.