Extraction and purification of cannabinoid compounds
Disclosed are effective methods for activating, washing, specifically extracting and purifying cannabinoids from Cannabis plant tissues using heat activation, washing impurities away with a polar solvent, optionally modified with an organic acid, base, surfactant or inorganic salt, extracting the activated non-polar cannabinoids with a potable selective solvent such as ethanol. The extracted active ingredients may be purified by chromatography and detected and quantified by mass spectrometry with external or isotopic or otherwise labelled standards.
1. A method of extracting a cannabinoid from a Cannabis plant tissue comprising the steps:
a) a heating step of heating the Cannabis plant tissue to convert carboxylated forms of the cannabinoid to a decarboxylated activated non-polar form of the cannabinoid in an activated Cannabis plant tissue;
b) at least one washing step of washing the decarboxylated activated non-polar form of the cannabinoid or the activated Cannabis plant tissue with a polar solvent, wherein the polar solvent is polar and comprises water, wherein the polar solvent is removed as waste and thus selectively removes polar components that are soluble in the polar solvent, leaving the decarboxylated activated non-polar form of the cannabinoid; and
c) an extraction step of selectively extracting the decarboxylated activated non-polar form of the cannabinoid using a potable selective solvent, wherein the potable selective solvent is an organic non-polar solvent, wherein the potable selective solvent comprises 80% ethanol in water, and wherein the extraction step is performed at a refrigerated temperature that is above a freezing temperature and below a flashpoint temperature of the potable selective solvent; and a vacuum drying step, after the extraction step, of drying the decarboxylated activated non-polar form of the cannabinoid under a vacuum at the refrigerated temperature to make an intermediate resin;
wherein the extraction step is performed after the heating step; wherein the washing step is performed after the extraction step; and wherein, after the vacuum drying step, the intermediate resin is washed in the polar solvent.
2. The method of claim 1 , wherein before the washing step, the Cannabis plant tissue is solid or has been processed to a powder or suspension.
3. The method of claim 1 , wherein after the extraction step, the extracted cannabinoids is separated using chromatography including ion exchange or reverse phase.
4. The method of claim 3 , wherein the separated cannabinoids is identified and/or quantified using mass spectrometry (MS).
5. The method of claim 1 wherein the polar solvent further comprises water modified by a salt, a non-ionic non-polymeric detergent or a bile salt, a sodium deoxycholate, a potable buffer, a potable phosphate or carbonate buffer, an organic acid, an acetic acid or formic acid, ammonia, ammonium hydroxide, methylamine trimethylamine, or ethanol, provided the ethanol is less than 40% (v:v).
6. The method of claim 5 wherein the polar solvent comprises less than 0.5% acetic acid in water by volume.
7. The method of claim 5 wherein the polar solvent comprises 40% ethanol in water by volume.
8. The method of claim 1 wherein the washing step is performed multiple times.
9. The method of claim 8 wherein the washing step is performed multiple times with a first polar solvent, followed by multiple washes with a second polar solvent, different from the first.
10. The method of claim 9 wherein the first polar solvent comprises water modified by an organic acid and the second polar solvent comprises ethanol.
11. The method of claim 8 wherein the washing step is performed at a temperature less than about 5° C.
12. The method of claim 1 wherein the refrigerated temperature is less than about 5° C.
13. The method of claim 12 wherein the refrigerated temperature is less than about 0° C.
14. The method of claim 5 wherein the polar solvent comprises less than 5.0% acetic acid in water by volume.
15. The method of claim 14 wherein the polar solvent comprises less than 1.0% acetic acid in water by volume.
16. The method of claim 10 wherein the first polar solvent comprises said water modified by an acetic acid.
17. The method of claim 10 wherein the second polar solvent comprises 40% ethanol in water.