Mitigation of epileptic seizures by combination therapy using benzodiazepines and neurosteroids
Provided are compositions comprising a benzodiazepine and a neurosteroid, containing one or both of the benzodiazepine and the neurosteroid in a subtherapeutic dose, and administration of such compositions for mitigation of an epileptic seizure. Further provided are compositions comprising a benzodiazepine, a neurosteroid, and an NMDA blocker, and administration of such compositions for mitigation of an epileptic seizure.
1. A method of preventing or mitigating a seizure in a subject in need thereof, comprising:
(a) determining that a subject is at risk of being exposed to a nerve agent or pesticide that can cause seizures, and
(b) administering to the subject of an effective amount of a benzodiazepine and allopregnanolone, wherein each of the benzodiazepine and the allopregnanolone are administered in a subtherapeutic dose, and wherein the subtherapeutic dose of the benzodiazepine is in the range of 0.3 μg/kg to 3.0 μg/kg.
2. The method of claim 1 , wherein the agent or pesticide is an organophosphorus nerve agent or pesticide.
3. The method of claim 1 , wherein the nerve agent or pesticide is selected from the group consisting of tabun, sarin, soman, GF, VR, VX, Acephate (Orthene), Azinphos-methyl (Gusathion, Guthion), Bensulide (Betasan, Lescosan), Bomyl (Swat), Bromophos (Nexion), Bromophos-ethyl (Nexagan), Cadusafos (Apache, Ebufos, Rugby), Carbophenothion (Trithion), Chlorethoxyfos (Fortress), Chlorfenvinphos (Apachlor, Birlane), Chlormephos (Dotan), Chlorphoxim (Baythion-C), Chlorpyrifos (Brodan, Dursban, Lorsban), Chlorthiophos (Celathion), Coumaphos (Asuntol, Co-Ral), Crotoxyphos (Ciodrin, Cypona), Crufomate (Ruelene), Cyanofenphos (Surecide), Cyanophos (Cyanox), Cythioate (Cyflee, Proban), DEF (De-Green), Demeton (Systox), Demeton-S-methyl (Duratox, Metasystoxl), Dialifor (Torak), Diazinon, Dichlorofenthion, (VC- 13 Nemacide), Dichlorvos (DDVP, Vapona), Dicrotophos (Bidrin), Dimefos (Hanane, Pestox XIV), Dimethoate (Cygon, DeFend), Dioxathion (Delnav), Disulfoton (Disyston), Ditalimfos, Edifenphos, Endothion, EPBP (S-seven), EPN, Ethion (Ethanox), Ethoprop (Mocap), Ethyl parathion (E 605 , Parathion, thiophos), Etrimfos (Ekamet), Famphur (Bash, Bo-Ana, Famfos), Fenamiphos (Nemacur), Fenitrothion (Accothion, Agrothion, Sumithion), Fenophosphon (Agritox, trichloronate), Fensulfothion (Dasanit), Fenthion (Baytex, Entex, Tiguvon), Fonofos (Dyfonate, N- 2790 ), Formothion (Anthio), Fosthietan (Nem-A-Tak), Heptenophos (Hostaquick), Hiometon (Ekatin), Hosalone (Zolone), IBP (Kitazin), Iodofenphos (Nuvanol-N), Isazofos (Brace, Miral, Triumph), Isofenphos (Amaze, Oftanol), Isoxathion (E- 48 , Karphos), Leptophos (Phosvel), Malathion (Cythion), Mephosfolan (Cytrolane), Merphos (Easy Off-D, Folex), Methamidophos (Monitor), Methidathion (Supracide, Ultracide), Methyl parathion (E 601 , Penncap-M), Methyl trithion, Mevinphos (Duraphos, Phosdrin), Mipafox (Isopestox, Pestox XV), Monocrotophos (Azodrin), Naled (Dibrome), Oxydemeton-methyl (Metasystox-R), Oxydeprofos (Metasystox-S), Phencapton (G 28029 ), Phenthoate (Dimephenthoate, Phenthoate), Phorate (Rampart, Thimet), Phosalone (Azofene, Zolone), Phosfolan (Cylan, Cyolane), Phosmet (Imidan, Prolate), Phosphamidon (Dimecron), Phostebupirim (Aztec), Phoxim (Baythion), Pirimiphos-ethyl (Primicid), Pirimiphos-methyl (Actellic), Profenofos (Curacron), Propetamphos (Safrotin), Propyl thiopyrophosphate (Aspon), Prothoate (Fac), Pyrazophos (Afugan, Curamil), Pyridaphenthion (Ofunack), Quinalphos (Bayrusil), Ronnel (Fenchlorphos, Korlan), Schradan (OMPA), Sulfotep (Bladafum, Dithione, Thiotepp), Sulprofos (Bolstar, Helothion), Temephos (Abate, Abathion), Terbufos (Contraven, Counter), Tetrachlorvinphos (Gardona, Rabon), Tetraethyl pyrophosphate (TEPP), tetramethylenedisulfotetramine (TETS), Triazophos (Hostathion), and Trichlorfon (Dipterex, Dylox, Neguvon, Proxol).
4. The method of claim 1 , wherein the nerve agent or pesticide is tetramethylenedisulfotetramine (TETS).
5. The method of claim 1 , wherein the benzodiazepine and the allopregnanolone are co-administered together and/or by the same route of administration.
6. The method claim 1 , wherein the benzodiazepine and the allopregnanolone are co-administered separately and/or by different routes of administration.
7. The method claim 1 , wherein one or both of the benzodiazepine and the allopregnanolone are administered by the inhalational or intrapulmonary route of administration.
8. The method of claim 7 , wherein the benzodiazepine and the allopregnanolone are not heated prior to administration.
9. The method of claim 7 or 8 , wherein one or both of the benzodiazepine and allopregnanolone are aerosolized.
10. The method claim 9 , wherein one or both of the benzodiazepine and the allopregnanolone aerosolized particulates having a mass median aerodynamic diameter ranging from about 1μm to about 3μm.
11. The method of claim 1 , wherein the allopregnanolone is administered at a dose in the range of about 5 mg/kg to about 50 mg/kg.
12. The method of claim 1 , wherein the benzodiazepine is selected from the group consisting of bretazenil, clonazepam, cloxazolam, clorazepate, diazepam, fludiazepam, flutoprazepam, lorazepam, midazolam, nimetazepam, nitrazepam, phenazepam, temazepam and clobazam.
13. The method of claim 1 , further comprising the co-administration of an NMDA receptor antagonist.
14. The method of claim 13 , wherein the NMDA receptor antagonist is selected from the group consisting of dizocilpine (MK-801), meperidine, methadone, dextropropoxyphene, tramadol, ketobemidone, ketamine, dextromethorphan, phencyclidine, nitrous oxide (N 2 O), APS (R-2-amino-5-phosphonopentanoate), AP7 (2-amino-7-phosphonoheptanoic acid), CPPene (3-[(R)-2-carboxypiperazin-4-yl]-prop-2-enyl-1-phosphonic acid), selfotel, amantadine, dextrallorphan, dextrorphan, ethanol, eticyclidine, gacyclidine, ibogaine, magnesium, memantine, methoxetamine, rolicyclidine.tenocyclidine, methoxydine, tiletamine, xenon, neramexane, eliprodil, etoxadrol, dexoxadrol, WMS 2539, NEFA, remacemide, delucemine, 8A-PDHQ, aptiganel, HU-211, rhynchophylline, 1-Aminocyclopropanecarboxylic acid (ACPC), 7-Chlorokynurenate, DCKA (5,7-dichlorokynurenic acid), kynurenic acid, lacosamide, CP-101,606 (traxoprodil), AZD6765 (lanicemine) and GLYX-13.
15. The method of claim 13 , wherein the benzodiazepine, allopregnanolone and NMDA receptor antagonist are co-administered together and/or by the same route of administration.
16. The method of claim 13 , wherein the benzodiazepine, allopregnanolone and NMDA receptor antagonist are administered separately and/or by different routes of administration.