Red mud compositions and methods related thereto
This disclosure relates to red mud compositions. This disclosure also relates to methods of making red mud compositions. This disclosure additionally relates to methods of using red mud compositions.
1. A composition comprising:
dried and calcined catalytic particles comprising colloidally-dispersed red mud bound by colloidally-dispersed alumina, wherein the dried and calcined catalytic particles comprise at least about 50% colloidally-dispersed red mud by weight and about 10% to about 30% colloidally-dispersed alumina by weight, wherein the dried and calcined catalytic particles have a specific surface area of greater than 30 m 2 /g.
2. The composition of claim 1 , wherein the one or more additives further comprising nickel deposited onto the surface of the particles.
3. The composition of claim 2 , wherein the nickel comprises up to and including about 40% of the particles by weight.
4. The composition of claim 2 , wherein the particles comprise dried, calcined, and reduced particles.
5. The composition of claim 2 , wherein the particles have a mean particle size of about 50 micron to about 250 micron.
6. The composition of claim 2 , wherein the particles have a specific surface area of about 50 m 2 /g to about 80 m 2 /g.
7. The composition of claim 1 , wherein the particles comprise a dried, extruded, and calcined particle.
8. The composition of claim 7 , wherein the particles have a mean particle size of about 1 mm to about 5 mm.
9. The composition of claim 7 , wherein the particles have a specific surface area of about 30 m 2 /g to about 65 m 2 /g.
10. The composition of claim 8 , further comprising colloidally-dispersed silica.
11. The composition of claim 10 , wherein the particles comprise spray dried and agglomerated particles.
12. The composition of claim 11 , wherein the particles have a mean particle size of about 250 micron to about 650 micron.
13. The composition of claim 8 , further comprising colloidally-dispersed calcium oxide.
14. The composition of claim 7 , further comprising colloidally-dispersed zirconia.
15. The composition of claim 1 , wherein the particles are calcined at a temperature of about 600° C. to about 800° C.
16. A method of making the composition of claim 1 , the method comprising:
mixing a slurry of red mud and one or more additives;
drying the mixture at a first temperature; and
calcining the dried mixture at a second temperature higher than the first temperature to form dried and calcined catalytic particles comprising red mud and the one or more additives.
17. The method of claim 16 , wherein the second temperature is about 600° C. to about 800° C.
18. The method of claim 16 , further comprising reducing the dried and calcined catalytic particles in a reducing atmosphere.
19. The method of claim 18 , wherein the reducing atmosphere comprises 10% hydrogen and 90% nitrogen by volume and the particles are heated to about 450° C.
20. A method of hydrotreating a pyrolysis oil, the method comprising:
providing a pyrolysis oil; and
mixing the pyrolysis oil with a catalyst comprising the composition of claim 1 .
21. The method of claim 20 , wherein the hydrotreating comprises hydrodeoxygenating, alkyl addition, or alkyl addition hydrodeoxygenating and the catalyst comprises the composition of claim 2 .
22. The method of claim 20 , further comprising:
regenerating the catalyst in a hydrogen-containing atmosphere at about 400° C. to about 500° C.; and
reusing the regenerated catalyst during hydrotreating.
23. The method of claim 22 , further comprising:
reducing the regenerated catalyst prior to reusing the regenerated catalyst.
24. A method of pyrolysis, the method comprising:
feeding a catalyst comprising the composition of claim 1 to a reactor and heating the catalyst;
introducing a feedstock into the reactor; and
pyrolyzing the feedstock and thereby producing pyrolysis products.
25. A method of clarifying wastewater, the method comprising:
adding a composition of claim 1 to the wastewater, wherein the composition is magnetic;
allowing floc to form with the composition; and
removing at least a portion of the floc from the wastewater.
26. The method of claim 25 , wherein the composition has been calcined in a reducing atmosphere.