Rapid pyrolysis to form super ionic conducting lithium garnets
A method of preparing a lithium-ion conducting garnet via low-temperature solid-state synthesis is disclosed. The lithium-ion conducting garnet comprises a substantially phase pure aluminum-doped cubic lithium lanthanum zirconate (Li 7 La 3 Zr 2 O 14 ). The method includes preparing nanoparticles comprising lanthanum zirconate (La 2 Zr 2 O 7 -np) via pyrolysis-mediated reaction of lanthanum nitrate (La(NO 3 ) 3 ) and zirconium nitrate (Zr(NO 3 ) 4 ). The method also includes pyrolyzing a solid-state mixture comprising the La 2 Zr 2 O 7 -np, lithium nitrate (LiNO 3 ), and aluminum nitrate (Al(NO 3 ) 3 ) to give the Li 7 La 3 Zr 2 O 14 and thereby prepare the lithium-ion conducting garnet. A lithium-ion conducting garnet prepared via the method is also disclosed.
1. A method of preparing a lithium-ion conducting garnet, said method comprising:
preparing nanoparticles comprising lanthanum zirconate having the chemical formula La 2 Zr 2 O 7 -np;
forming a solid-state mixture comprising the La 2 Zr 2 O 7 -np, lithium nitrate having the chemical formula LiNO 3 , and aluminum nitrate having the chemical formula Al(NO 3 ) 3 ; and
pyrolyzing the solid-state mixture to yield an aluminum-doped cubic phase lithium lanthanum zirconate having the chemical formula Li 7 La 3 Zr 2 O 14 , thereby preparing the lithium-ion conducting garnet.
2. The method of claim 1 , wherein preparing the La 2 Zr 2 O 7 -np comprises reacting lanthanum nitrate having the chemical formula La(NO 3 ) 3 , zirconium nitrate having the chemical formula Zr(NO 3 ) 4 , and a combustion fuel selected from glycine and carbohydrazide via combustion reaction.
3. The method of claim 2 , wherein reacting La(NO 3 ) 3 , Zr(NO 3 ) 4 , and the combustion fuel comprises:
combining La(NO 3 ) 3 , Zr(NO 3 ) 4 , and the combustion fuel to give a La/Zr nitrate mixture;
dehydrating the La/Zr nitrate mixture to give a combustible solid-state La/Zr nitrate mixture; and
pyrolyzing the solid-state La/Zr nitrate mixture to give the La 2 Zr 2 O 7 -np.
4. The method of claim 3 , wherein: (i) dehydrating the La/Zr nitrate is carried out at a temperature of 180° C.; (ii) pyrolyzing the solid-state La/Zr nitrate mixture comprises heating the solid-state La/Zr nitrate mixture to an ignition temperature greater than the auto-ignition temperature of the combustion fuel; (iii) pyrolyzing the solid-state La/Zr nitrate mixture is carried out at a temperature of 500° C.; or (iv) any combination of (i)-(iii).
5. The method of claim 3 , wherein pyrolyzing the solid-state La/Zr nitrate mixture prepares a reaction product comprising the La 2 Zr 2 O 7 -np, and wherein the method further comprises processing the reaction product via: (i) heat treatment; (ii) densification; or (iii) both (i) and (ii), to give the La 2 Zr 2 O 7 -np.
6. The method of claim 2 , wherein the combustion fuel is carbohydrazide.
7. The method of claim 2 , wherein the combustion fuel is glycine.
8. The method of claim 1 , wherein the La 2 Zr 2 O 7 -np: (i) have an average diameter of from 20 to 60 nm; (ii) have a La 2 Zr 2 O 7 phase crystallite size of from 21 to 47 nm; or (iii) both (i) and (ii).
9. The method of claim 1 , wherein forming the solid-state mixture comprises combining the La 2 Zr 2 O 7 -np, LiNO 3 , Al(NO 3 ) 3 to give a mixture, and dehydrating the mixture to give the solid-state mixture.
10. The method of claim 9 , wherein: (i) forming the solid-state mixture comprises combining the La 2 Zr 2 O 7 -np with a pre-mix comprising LiNO 3 , Al(NO 3 ) 3 to give the mixture; (ii) the mixture further comprises a combustion fuel; (iii) the mixture further comprises a dopant; (iv) dehydrating the mixture is carried out at a temperature of 180° C.; or (v) any combination of (i)-(iv).
11. The method of claim 1 , further comprising: (i) grinding the solid-state mixture before pyrolysis; (ii) densifying the solid-state mixture before pyrolysis; or (iii) both (i) and (ii).
12. The method of claim 11 , wherein the method comprises densifying the solid-state mixture before pyrolysis, wherein densifying the solid-state mixture comprises pelletizing the solid-state mixture to form a pellet, and wherein pyrolyzing the solid-state mixture is further defined as pyrolyzing the pellet.
13. The method of claim 12 , wherein pelletizing the solid-state mixture comprises pressing the solid-state mixture at a pressure of 100 MPa for at least 2 minutes.
14. The method of claim 1 , wherein: (i) the solid-state mixture is pyrolyzed at a temperature of 500° C.; (ii) the solid-state mixture is pyrolyzed for a duration of from 10 min to 1 hour; (iii) the solid-state mixture is free from a carrier vehicle during the pyrolysis; or (iv) any combination of (i)-(iii).
15. The method of claim 1 , wherein pyrolyzing the solid-state mixture prepares an intermediate crystallite having a lower conductivity than the Li 7 La 3 Zr 2 O 14 , and wherein the method further comprises processing the intermediate crystallite via: (i) heat treating; (ii) densification; (iii) annealing; (iv) sintering; or (v) any combination of (i)-(iv), to yield the Li 7 La 3 Zr 2 O 14 .
16. The method of claim 15 , comprising densifying the intermediate crystallite via pressing at a pressure of 5 MPa and temperature of 80° C. to yield the Li 7 La 3 Zr 2 O 14 .
17. The method of claim 15 , comprising heating the intermediate crystallite to a temperature of from 850 to 1000° C. to yield the Li 7 La 3 Zr 2 O 14 .
18. The method of claim 1 , wherein the Li 7 La 3 Zr 2 O 14 : (i) exhibits a lattice conductivity of at least 4.5×10 −5 S cm −1 ; (ii) exhibits a bulk conductivity of at least 5×10 −4 S cm −1 ; or (iii) both (i) and (ii).
19. The method of claim 1 , wherein the Li 7 La 3 Zr 2 O 14 : (i) is substantially phase pure; (ii) exhibits a crystallite size of at least 150 nm; or (iii) both (i) and (ii).