Real-time 3D microwave monitoring of thermal therapy

1. A method for determining a change of temperature of an object, comprising:

determining dielectric properties of the object before the heating of the object;

forming a dielectric map of the object based on the dielectric properties of the object before the heating of the object;

heating the object in a monitored region;

measuring scattered S-parameters of scattered microwave electric fields from the object;

iteratively updating a dielectric background and electric field of the monitored region based on the measured scattered S-parameters;

determining a change of a dielectric property of the object based on the updated dielectric background and the updated electric field; and

determining a change of temperature of the object based on the change of the dielectric property of the object.

2. The method of claim 1 , wherein a vector network analyzer measures the scattered S-parameters.

3. The method of claim 1 , wherein the object comprises tissue.

4. The method of claim 3 , wherein the step of heating the object comprises interstitial thermal therapy.

5. The method of claim 1 , wherein the updated dielectric background and the updated electric field are produced based on a distorted Born iterative method.

6. The method of claim 1 , wherein the change of the dielectric property of the object is determined based on an electric field volume integral equation.

7. The method of claim 1 , wherein the iterative update of the dielectric background and the electric field occurs asynchronously with the determination of the change of the dielectric property of the object.

8. The method of claim 1 , wherein a graphic processing unit performs the iterative update of the dielectric background and the electric field in parallel with the determination of the change of the dielectric property of the object.

9. A method for determining a change of temperature of an object, comprising:

heating the object;

measuring scattered S-parameters of scattered microwave electric fields from the object;

utilizing a distorted Born iterative method to determine a change of a dielectric property of the object based on the measured scattered S-parameters, the distorted Born iterative method includes determining the change of the dielectric property of the object every i frame and updating a forward model every j frame; and

determining a change of temperature of the object based on the change of the dielectric property of the object.

10. The method of claim 9 , wherein each i frame and each j frame occur asynchronously.

11. The method of claim 9 , wherein forward model parameters are determined every j frame that are used in all subsequent i frames until the next j frame.

12. The method of claim 9 , wherein a total electric field within an electric field volume integral equation and a differential imaging background are updated every j frame.

13. The method of claim 9 , wherein the determination of the change of the dielectric property of the object every i frame, and the updating of the forward model every j frame, occurs in parallel.

14. A system comprising:

one or more antennas configured to receive scattered microwave electric fields from an object in a monitored region;

a controller configured to:

measure scattered S-parameters of the scattered microwave electric fields;

iteratively update a dielectric background and electric field of the monitored region based on the measured scattered S-parameters;

determine a change of a dielectric property of the object based on the updated dielectric background and the updated electric field; and

determine a change of temperature of the object based on the change of the dielectric property of the object; and

a graphical processing unit configured to perform the iterative update of the dielectric background and the electric field in parallel with the determine the change of the dielectric property of the object.

15. The system of claim 14 , wherein the controller includes a vector network analyzer.

16. The system of claim 14 , wherein the controller is configured to update the dielectric background and update the electric field based on a distorted Born iterative method.

17. The method of claim 14 , wherein the controller is configured to perform the iterative update of the dielectric background and the electric field asynchronously with the determination of the change of the dielectric property of the object.

18. A method for determining a change of temperature of an object, comprising:

heating the object in a monitored region;

measuring scattered S-parameters of scattered microwave electric fields from the object;

iteratively updating a dielectric background and electric field of the monitored region based on the measured scattered S-parameters;

determining a change of a dielectric property of the object based on the updated dielectric background and the updated electric field; and

determining a change of temperature of the object based on the change of the dielectric property of the object,

wherein the iteratively updating of the dielectric background and the electric field is performed by a graphic processing unit in parallel with the determining the change of the dielectric property of the object.

19. The method of claim 18 , wherein a vector network analyzer measures the scattered S-parameters.

20. The method of claim 18 , wherein the object comprises tissue.

21. The method of claim 20 , wherein the step of heating the object comprises interstitial thermal therapy.

22. The method of claim 18 , further comprising determining dielectric properties of the object before the heating.

23. The method of claim 22 , further comprising forming a dielectric map of the object based on the dielectric properties of the object before the heating.

24. The method of claim 18 , wherein the updated dielectric background and the updated electric field are produced based on a distorted Born iterative method.

25. The method of claim 18 , wherein the change of the dielectric property of the object is determined based on an electric field volume integral equation.

26. The method of claim 18 , wherein the iterative update of the dielectric background and the electric field occurs asynchronously with the determination of the change of the dielectric property of the object.