Super-hybrid heat pump system and method
An exemplary heating, ventilation, and air conditioning (HVAC) system for a building includes a primary heat pump system having a primary heat pump system size, a secondary heat pump system having a secondary heat pump system size less than the primary heat pump system size, a thermal energy storage system, and a control system operable to control operation of the primary heat pump system and the secondary heat pump system. The control system may limit operation of the secondary heat pump system to a first time period, and operates the primary heat pump system according to demand of the building.
1. A heating, ventilation, and air conditioning (HVAC) system for a facility, the HVAC system comprising:
a thermal energy storage system;
a primary heat pump system having a primary heat pump system size, wherein the primary heat pump system is in thermal communication with the thermal energy storage system and an indoor medium, and wherein the primary heat pump system is configured to transfer thermal energy between the thermal energy storage system and the indoor medium to thereby discharge the thermal energy storage system;
a secondary heat pump system having a secondary heat pump system size less than the primary heat pump system size, wherein the secondary heat pump system is in thermal communication with the thermal energy storage system and an outdoor medium; and
a control system operable to control operation of the primary heat pump system and the secondary heat pump system, wherein the control system is configured to:
operate the primary heat pump system according to demand of the facility; and
limit operation of the secondary heat pump system to a first time period;
wherein operation of the secondary heat pump system transfers thermal energy between the thermal energy storage system and the outdoor medium to thereby charge the thermal energy storage system during the first time period.
2. The HVAC system of claim 1 , wherein the secondary heat pump system comprises an air-to-water heat pump, and wherein the outdoor medium is ambient air.
3. The HVAC system of claim 1 , wherein the control system is configured to select the first time period based upon a weather forecast.
4. The HVAC system of claim 1 , wherein the control system is configured to select the first time period based upon a projected cost of operating the secondary heat pump system at the first time period being less than a projected cost of operating the secondary heat pump system at a second time period different from the first time period.
5. The HVAC system of claim 1 , wherein the first time period corresponds to off-peak hours.
6. The HVAC system of claim 1 , wherein the thermal energy storage system comprises a phase change material that transitions between a solid phase and a liquid phase at a designated melt/freeze temperature.
7. The HVAC system of claim 1 , wherein the secondary heat pump system size is less than one half the primary heat pump system size.
8. The HVAC system of claim 1 , wherein the thermal energy storage system comprises:
a first phase change material (PCM) tank storing a first PCM, wherein the first PCM is configured to transition between a solid phase and a liquid phase at a first melt/freeze temperature; and
a second PCM tank storing a second PCM, wherein the second PCM is configured to transition between the solid phase and the liquid phase at a second melt/freeze temperature; and
wherein the first melt/freeze temperature is less than the second melt/freeze temperature.
9. The HVAC system of claim 8 , wherein the first melt/freeze temperature is at least 50° F. below the second melt/freeze temperature.
10. The HVAC system of claim 8 , wherein the primary heat pump system is configured to utilize the first PCM as a heat sink for a cooling operation; and
wherein the primary heat pump system is configured to utilize the second PCM as a heat source for a heating operation.
11. The HVAC system of claim 10 , wherein the primary heat pump system comprises:
a first heat pump configured to transfer thermal energy from the indoor medium to the first PCM during the cooling operation; and
a second heat pump configured to transfer thermal energy to the indoor medium from the second PCM during the heating operation.
12. The HVAC system of claim 1 , wherein the control system is configured to operate the secondary heat pump system to charge the thermal energy storage system during the first time period based upon a projected heating/cooling load for the primary heat pump system during a second time period subsequent to the first time period.
13. The HVAC system of claim 12 , wherein the projected heating/cooling load is based at least in part upon one or more of:
a projected occupancy of the facility in the second time period; or
a projected weather condition for the second time period.
14. The HVAC system of claim 1 , wherein the control system is further configured to project a maximum energy usage timeframe in which the facility is projected to have a peak electrical demand; and
wherein the control system is further configured to discharge the thermal energy storage system primarily during the maximum energy usage timeframe to thereby reduce peak demand usage of the facility.
15. The HVAC system of claim 6 , wherein the designated melt/freeze temperature is between 40° F. and 120° F.