Metal halide scintillators with reduced hygroscopicity and method of making the same
The present disclosure discloses, in one arrangement, a scintillator material made of a metal halide with one or more additional group-13 elements. An example of such a compound is Ce:LaBr 3 with thallium (Tl) added, either as a codopant or in a stoichiometric admixture and/or solid solution between LaBr 3 and TlBr. In another arrangement, the above single crystalline iodide scintillator material can be made by first synthesizing a compound of the above composition and then forming a single crystal from the synthesized compound by, for example, the Vertical Gradient Freeze method. Applications of the scintillator materials include radiation detectors and their use in medical and security imaging.
1. A scintillator composition comprising:
a group 1 metal in its salt form; where the group 1 metal is lithium (Li), sodium (Na), rubidium (Rb), cesium (Cs), potassium (K), or a combination thereof;
a group 13 element in its salt form; where the group 13 element is boron (B), aluminum (Al), gallium (Ga), indium (In), or a combination thereof;
a rare earth metal in its salt form;
a group 2 metal in its salt form, where the group 2 metal is strontium (Sr), calcium (Ca), barium (Ba), or a combination thereof; and
a group 17 element;
where the molar relationship between the group 1 metal and the group 13 element is an inverse relationship and
where the molar relationship between the rare earth metal and the group 2 metal is an inverse relationship.
2. The scintillator composition of claim 1 , where the rare earth metal is cerium (Ce), dysprosium (Dy), erbium (Er), europium (Eu), gadolinium (Gd), holmium (Ho), lanthanum (La), lutetium (Lu), neodymium (Nd), praseodymium (Pr), promethium (Pm), samarium (Sm), scandium (Sc), terbium (Tb), thulium (Tm), ytterbium (Yb), yttrium (Y), or a combination thereof.
3. The scintillator composition of claim 1 , where the rare earth metal is europium.
4. The scintillator composition of claim 1 , where the composition comprises two or more group 17 elements in salt form.
5. A method of forming a single crystal of the scintillator composition of claim 1 , the method comprising:
mixing a group 1 metal in its salt form; where the group 1 metal is lithium (Li), sodium (Na), rubidium (Rb), cesium (Cs), potassium (K), or a combination thereof;
a group 13 element in its salt form; a rare earth metal in its salt form; where the group 13 element is boron (B), aluminum (Al), gallium (Ga), indium (In), or a combination thereof;
a rare earth metal in its salt form; and
a group 2 metal in its salt form to form, where the group 2 metal is strontium (Sr), calcium (Ca), barium (Ba), or a combination thereof a mixture;
a group 17 element;
where the molar relationship between the group 1 metal and the group 13 element is an inverse relationship and
where the molar relationship between the rare earth metal and the group 2 metal is an inverse relationship;
melting the mixture; and
growing a single crystal from the melt.