Control of lithium plating of lithium-ion battery during charging

1. A method of controlling the charge current during charging of a lithium-ion battery, comprising:

storing a cell model of the battery as part of a cell model process;

measuring battery state values of the battery, the battery states being at least: the battery's electrolyte overpotential and the battery's polarization resistance;

delivering the battery state values to a Kalman filter process;

processing the battery state values with the Kalman filter process to obtain a cell model adjustment factor;

wherein the cell model process is programmed to receive the cell model adjustment factor and a charge current value, and based on the cell model, the cell model adjustment factor, and the charge current value, to generate a model state vector having one or more model state values representing at least the battery's state of charge;

using an optimization process to generate a charge current for battery charging, based on the model state vector and the charge current value; and

applying the charge current to the battery using a charging device;

wherein polarization resistance is a function of voltage relaxation and wherein the measuring step is repeated during or after charging while the battery is connected to the charging device.

2. The method of claim 1 , wherein the battery is a vehicle battery.

3. The method of claim 1 , wherein the method is implemented as part of a battery management system of a vehicle battery.

4. The method of claim 1 , wherein the model state vector further has model states of one or more of the following: anode potential, electrolyte potential, or solid electrolyte interphase layer resistance.

5. The method of claim 1 , wherein the step of measuring battery state values is performed by a battery management system.

6. The method of claim 1 , wherein polarization resistance is measured while the battery is hooked up to a charger and its charge is complete and stopped.

7. The method of claim 1 , wherein the cell model is a reduced order model.

8. The method of claim 1 , wherein the adjustment factor adjusts values in the cell model related to electrode and electrolyte potentials.

9. A controller for controlling the charge current during charging of a lithium-ion battery, comprising:

a cell model process that stores a model of the battery;

a Kalman filter process operable to receive measured battery state values of the battery, the battery states being at least: the battery's electrolyte overpotential and the battery's polarization resistance, polarization resistance being a function of voltage relaxation while the battery is connected to a charging device;

wherein the Kalman filter process processes the battery state values to obtain a cell model adjustment factor;

wherein the cell model process is programmed to receive the cell model adjustment factor and a charge current value, and based on the cell model, the cell model adjustment factor, and the charge current value, to generate a model state vector having one or more model state values representing at least the battery's state of charge; and

an optimization process operable to generate a new charge current based on the model state vector and the charge current value.

10. The controller of claim 9 , wherein the battery is a vehicle battery.

11. The controller of claim 9 , wherein the controller is part of a battery management system of a vehicle battery.

12. The controller of claim 9 , wherein the model state vector further has model states of one or more of the following: anode potential, electrolyte potential, or solid electrolyte interphase layer resistance.

13. The controller of claim 9 , wherein polarization resistance is measured while the battery is hooked up to a charger and its charge is complete and stopped.

14. The controller of claim 9 , wherein the cell model is a reduced order model.

15. The controller of claim 9 , wherein the adjustment factor adjusts values in the cell model related to electrode and electrolyte potentials.

16. An improved battery management system for an electric vehicle having at least one lithium-ion battery, the improvement comprising:

a measurement process for measuring or estimating battery state values, the battery state values being at least: the battery's electrolyte overpotential and the battery's polarization resistance, polarization resistance being a function of voltage relaxation while the battery is connected to a charging device;

a charging controller for controlling the charge current during charging of the battery, comprising: a cell model process that stores a model of the battery; a Kalman filter process operable to receive the battery state values and to process the battery state values to obtain a cell model adjustment factor;

wherein the cell model process is programmed to receive the cell model adjustment factor and a charge current value, and based on the cell model, the cell model adjustment factor, and the charge current value, to generate a model state vector having one or more model state values representing at least the battery's state of charge; and

an optimization process operable to generate a new charge current based on the model state vector and the charge current value.