Methods for producing hierarchical mesoporous beta zeolite

1. A method for producing a hierarchical mesoporous beta zeolite, the method comprising:

providing a beta zeolite;

desilicating the beta zeolite to produce a desilicated beta zeolite, where desilicating the beta zeolite comprises:

mixing the beta zeolite with an aqueous metal hydroxide solution; and

heating the beta zeolite and the aqueous metal hydroxide mixture at a temperature of greater than or equal to 100° C., wherein the heating causes desilication of the beta zeolite to produce the desilicated beta zeolite;

contacting the desilicated beta zeolite with an ammonium salt solution to produce an intermediate hierarchical mesoporous beta zeolite having (a) a molar ratio of silicon to aluminum of less than 12.5, (b) a total pore volume of greater than or equal to 0.3 cm 3 /g, and (c) an average mesopore size of greater than 8 nm, wherein the contacting causes ion exchange of sodium ions with ammonium ions in the intermediate hierarchical mesoporous beta zeolite; and

treating the intermediate hierarchical mesoporous beta zeolite with an acidic solution to produce the hierarchical mesoporous beta zeolite having (e) a molar ratio of silicon to aluminum of greater than 12.5, (f) a total pore volume of greater than or equal to the total pore volume of the intermediate hierarchical mesoporous beta zeolite, and (g) an average mesopore size of greater than or equal to the average mesopore size of the hierarchical mesoporous beta zeolite.

2. The method of claim 1 , further comprising increasing a molarity of the acidic solution, wherein increasing the molarity of the acidic solution increases a molar ratio of silicon to aluminum in the hierarchical mesoporous beta zeolite.

3. The method of claim 1 , wherein the ammonium salt solution comprises ammonium nitrate, ammonium chloride, ammonium sulfate, ammonium carbonate, or combinations thereof.

4. The method of claim 1 , wherein the ammonium salt solution has a molarity from 0.1 M to 1.0 M.

5. The method of claim 1 , further comprising contacting the intermediate hierarchical mesoporous beta zeolite at a temperature from 25° C. to 100° C. for a time of greater than or equal to 0.5 hours.

6. The method of claim 1 , wherein the acidic solution comprises a mineral acid.

7. The method of claim 6 , wherein the mineral acid comprises hydrochloric acid, nitric acid, phosphoric acid, sulfuric acid, boric acid, hydrofluoric acid, hydrobromic acid, perchloric acid, hydroiodic acid, or combinations thereof.

8. The method of claim 1 , wherein the acidic solution comprises an organic acid.

9. The method of claim 1 , wherein the acidic solution comprises a molarity from 0.1 M to 1.0 M.

10. The method of claim 1 , further comprising treating the intermediate hierarchical mesoporous beta zeolite with the acidic solution at a temperature from 25° C. to 100° C. for a time of greater than or equal to 0.5 hours.

11. The method of claim 1 , wherein the hierarchical mesoporous beta zeolite comprises a (f) total pore volume of greater than 0.3 cm 3 /g and (g) an average mesopore size of greater than 8 nm.

12. The method of claim 1 , wherein the hierarchical mesoporous beta zeolite comprises a BET surface area of greater than or equal to 500 m 2 /g and a mesopore volume of greater than or equal to 0.3 cm 3 /g.

13. The method of claim 1 , wherein the hierarchical mesoporous beta zeolite is produced without a templating agent or a pore-directing agent.

14. The method of claim 1 , further comprising calcining the hierarchical mesoporous beta zeolite at a temperature of greater than or equal to 500° C. for a time of greater than or equal to 1 hour.