Apparatus and method for nerve stimulation and/or monitoring
In one aspect, an apparatus for stimulating and/or monitoring a nerve is described herein. In some embodiments, the apparatus comprises a top substrate layer, a bottom substrate layer in facing opposition to the top substrate layer, and a channel disposed between the top substrate layer and the bottom substrate layer. The apparatus further comprises a plurality of electrodes disposed on one or more interior surfaces of the channel. Additionally, the channel is defined by the top substrate layer, the bottom substrate layer, and a retaining wall extending at least partially between the top substrate layer and the bottom substrate layer. The retaining wall retains the nerve within the channel.
1. An apparatus for nerve stimulation and/or monitoring comprising:
a top substrate layer;
a bottom substrate layer in facing opposition to the top substrate layer;
a channel disposed between the top substrate layer and the bottom substrate layer; and
a plurality of electrodes disposed on one or more interior surfaces of the channel,
wherein the channel is defined by the top substrate layer, the bottom substrate layer, and one or more retaining walls extending at least partially between the top substrate layer and the bottom substrate layer;
wherein the one or more retaining walls extends substantially normally from the top substrate layer and/or from the bottom substrate layer to define the channel; and
wherein the one or more retaining walls is configured to retain the nerve within the channel.
2. The apparatus of claim 1 further comprising a spacer layer disposed between the top substrate layer and the bottom substrate layer.
3. The apparatus of claim 1 , wherein the top substrate layer and the bottom substrate layer define an opening of the channel at a proximal end of the apparatus.
4. The apparatus of claim 1 , wherein the top substrate layer and the bottom substrate layer are formed from a flexible material.
5. The apparatus of claim 1 , wherein the top substrate layer and the bottom substrate layer are formed from a biocompatible polymer comprising one or more of a polyimide, parylene, a silicone, and a polyurethane.
6. The apparatus of claim 1 , wherein the top substrate layer and the bottom substrate layer are substantially transparent to light of wavelengths from 400 nm to 700 nm.
7. The apparatus of claim 1 , wherein the electrodes are formed from one or more of platinum, poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene), polypyrrole, carbon nanotubes, graphene, and iridium oxide.
8. The apparatus of claim 1 , wherein a height and/or a width of the channel is up to 1000 μm.
9. The apparatus of claim 1 , wherein a height of at least one of the one or more retaining walls is up to 300 μm.
10. The apparatus of claim 1 , wherein a height and/or a width of the channel is 1.5 to 4 times a height of at least one of the one or more retaining walls.
11. The apparatus of claim 1 , wherein a height of the channel and a width of the channel are substantially equal.
12. The apparatus of claim 1 , wherein a height of the channel is 1.5 to 3 times a diameter of the nerve.
13. The apparatus of claim 1 , wherein the one or more retaining walls is configured to retain the nerve in contact with the electrodes.
14. The apparatus of claim 1 , wherein the plurality of electrodes are substantially parallel to one another and are oriented substantially perpendicular to a length of the channel.
15. The apparatus of claim 1 , wherein the top substrate layer comprises a recess and the bottom substrate layer comprises a recess.
16. The apparatus of claim 15 , wherein:
the channel is defined by the recess of the top substrate layer, the recess of the bottom substrate layer, and the one or more retaining walls; and
the plurality of electrodes are disposed on a surface of the recess of the top substrate layer and/or on a surface of the recess of the bottom substrate layer.
17. The apparatus of claim 1 , wherein the apparatus is configured to be non-penetrating to the nerve.
18. A method of stimulating and/or monitoring a nerve comprising:
placing the nerve in the channel of the apparatus of claim 1 in contact with the plurality of electrodes; and
sending electrical signals from the electrodes to the nerve and/or receiving electrical signals from the nerve to the electrodes.
19. The method of claim 18 , wherein:
the top substrate layer and the bottom substrate layer of the apparatus define an opening of the channel at a proximal end of the apparatus;
placing the nerve in the channel of the apparatus comprises:
flexing an end of the top substrate layer away from a corresponding end of the bottom substrate layer to increase the size of the opening of the channel; and
placing the nerve in the channel through the opening of the channel; and
the method further comprises joining the top substrate layer and the bottom substrate layer to close the opening of the channel at the proximal end of the apparatus.
20. The method of claim 18 , wherein the nerve is an intact nerve and the apparatus does not penetrate the nerve.