Graphene oxide and method of production thereof
A method of producing an electrochemically derived graphene oxide and product produced therefrom. The method comprises locating graphite particles within an electrochemical cell having a working electrode, counter electrode, and an aqueous acid electrolyte, the working electrode being positioned within the electrolyte to contact at least a portion of the graphite particles; agitating the graphite particles within the electrolyte; and applying a potential difference between the working electrode and counter electrode, thereby resulting in electrochemical exfoliation and oxidation of the graphite particles to produce graphene oxide.
1. A method of producing graphene oxide comprising:
locating loose graphite particles within an electrochemical cell having a working electrode, counter electrode, and an aqueous acid electrolyte, the working electrode being positioned within the electrolyte to contact at least a portion of the graphite particles, wherein the working electrode includes a conductive mesh, the electrochemical cell includes a graphite container comprising a glass cylindrical container, and the glass cylindrical container has a base formed from a piece of acid-resistant membrane with pore size of <1 μm to retain graphite and graphene oxide particles within the graphite container, the working electrode is placed inside the graphite container the graphite particles are located, and retained within the graphite container, and separated from the counter electrode within the electrochemical cell;
agitating the graphite particles within the electrolyte to create a graphite slurry vortex; and
applying a potential difference between the working electrode and counter electrode, thereby resulting in electrochemical exfoliation and oxidation of the graphite particles to produce graphene oxide.
2. The method according to claim 1 , wherein the graphite particles are agitated within the electrolyte by at least one of mechanical agitation or flow constriction.
3. The method according to claim 2 , wherein mechanical agitation comprises stirring.
4. The method according to claim 1 , wherein the agitation of the graphite particles within the electrolyte creates a shear force sufficient to assist in exfoliation of oxidised graphene layers.
5. The method according to claim 1 , wherein agitation of the graphite particles within the electrolyte creates a flow velocity in the electrolyte of at least 0.1 m/s.
6. The method according to claim 1 , wherein the membrane has a pore size of <0.8 μm.
7. The method according to claim 1 , wherein the conductive mesh comprises a metal mesh.
8. The method according to claim 1 , wherein the counter electrode comprises a conductive body.
9. The method according to claim 1 , wherein the aqueous acidic electrolyte includes molecules and/or ions which facilitate the intercalation of graphite layers of the graphite particles.
10. The method according to claim 1 , wherein the aqueous acidic electrolyte is selected from a group consisting of sulphuric acid, perchloric acid, nitric acid, phosphoric acid, and boric acid.
11. The method according to claim 1 , wherein the graphite particles have an average particle size of from 10 μm to 25 mm.
12. The method according to claim 1 , wherein the graphite particles comprise graphite flakes.
13. The method according to claim 1 , wherein the potential difference between the working electrode and counter electrode provides a current of at least 1 A therebetween.
14. An apparatus for producing graphene oxide by electrochemical exfoliation of loose graphite particles, the apparatus including:
a fluid housing configured to house an aqueous acid electrolyte;
a working electrode being positioned within the electrolyte and configured to engage graphite particles located in the apparatus, wherein the working electrode includes a conductive mesh, the electrochemical cell includes a graphite container comprising a glass cylindrical container, and the glass cylindrical container has a base formed from a piece of acid-resistant membrane with pore size of <1 μm to retain graphite and graphene oxide particles within the graphite container, the working electrode is placed inside the graphite container the graphite particles are located, and retained within the graphite container, and separated from the counter electrode within the electrochemical cell;
a counter electrode separated from the working electrode and graphite particles;
a potentiostat for creating a potential difference between the working electrode and counter electrode; and
an agitation arrangement, which in use, agitates the graphite particles within the electrolyte.
15. The apparatus according to claim 14 , wherein the agitation arrangement comprises a mechanical agitation or a flow constriction.
16. The apparatus according to claim 14 , wherein the conductive mesh comprises a metal mesh.
17. The apparatus according to claim 14 , wherein the counter electrode comprises a conductive body.
18. The apparatus according to claim 14 , wherein the aqueous acidic electrolyte is selected from a group consisting of sulphuric acid, perchloric acid, nitric acid, phosphoric acid, and boric acid.