Compositions and methods for treating retinal degradation

1. A method of treating a condition selected from graft-versus-host disease, chronic pain, proliferative vitreoretinopathy, glaucoma, bipolar disorder, major depressive disorder, renal fibrosis, nephritis, pulmonary fibrosis, Huntington's disease, osteoporosis, chronic lymphocytic leukemia, anxiety disorder, pulmonary tuberculosis, osteoporosis in post-menopausal women, osteoporosis in fracture patients, systemic lupus erythematosus, autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease, spinal cord injury, neuropathic pain, hypertension, varicose veins, gout, autoimmune hepatitis, graft vascular injury, atherosclerosis, thrombosis, metabolic syndrome, salivary gland inflammation, traumatic brain injury, ischemic heart disease, ischemic stroke, melanoma, neuroblastoma, prostate cancer, breast cancer, skin cancer, thyroid cancer, tubular early gastric cancer, neuroendocrine cancer, colon cancer, high-grade urothelial carcinoma, kidney clear cell carcinoma, undifferentiated ovary carcinoma, gram negative sepsis, cryopyrinopathy, keratitis, acne vulgaris, Crohn's disease, ulcerative colitis, irritable bowel syndrome, insulin resistance, obesity, hemolytic-uremic syndrome, immune complex renal disease, acute tubular injury, lupus nephritis, renal ischemia-perfusion injury, glomerulonephritis, cryoglobulinemia, systemic vasculitides, IgA nephropathy, septic shock, allergic asthma, hay fever, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, drug-induced lung inflammation, contact dermatitis, psoriasis, scleroderma, reactive arthritis, cystic fibrosis, Sjögren's syndrome, inflammatory joint disease, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, peri-operative inflammation in cardiac surgery, post-operative inflammation in cardiac surgery, acute organ transplant rejection, chronic organ transplant rejection, acute bone marrow transplant rejection, chronic bone marrow transplant rejection, familial cold autoinflammatory syndrome, Muckle-Wells syndrome, neonatal onset multisystem inflammatory disease, chronic infantile neurological cutaneous and articular syndrome, mucoid colon cancer, papillary intracystic breast carcinoma, and tumor angiogenesis, or a combination thereof, comprising administering to a subject in need thereof a compound selected from:

(i) a compound having the structure of formula I

or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof;

(ii) a compound having the structure of formula II

(iii) a compound having the structure of formula III, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof;

(iv) a compound having the structure of formula IV,

wherein n is 10 to 20;

(v) a compound having the structure of formula V

(vi) stavudine (d4T);

(vii) lamivudine (3TC);

(viii) cordycepin;

(x) abacavir (ABC); and

(xi) a combination thereof.

2. The method of claim 1 , wherein the compound is selected from:

(i) the compound having the structure of formula I

or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof;

(ii) the compound having the structure of formula II

(iii) the compound having the structure of formula III, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof;

(iv) the compound having the structure of formula IV,

wherein n is 10 to 20;

(v) a compound having the structure of formula V

and

(vi) a combination thereof.

3. The method of claim 1 , wherein n is 11.

4. The method of claim 1 , wherein the compound is selected from:

(i) the compound having the structure of formula I

or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof;

(ii) the compound having the structure of formula II

and

(iii) a compound having the structure of formula V

and

(iv) a combination thereof.

5. The method of claim 1 , wherein the compound is selected from:

(i) the compound having the structure of formula I

or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof;

(ii) a compound having the structure of formula V

and

(iii) a combination thereof.

6. The method of claim 1 , wherein the compound is a compound having the structure of formula I

or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.

7. The method of claim 1 , wherein the compound is the compound having the structure of formula II:

8. The method of claim 1 , wherein the compound is the compound having the structure of formula V:

9. The method of claim 1 , wherein the compound is selected from

(vi) stavudine (d4T);

(vii) lamivudine (3TC);

(viii) cordycepin;

(x) abacavir (ABC); and

(xi) a combination thereof.

10. The method of claim 1 , wherein the method comprises administering a composition comprising the compound and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.

11. The method of claim 1 , wherein the condition is selected from proliferative vitreoretinopathy, glaucoma, systemic lupus erythematosus, hypertension, gout, atherosclerosis, metabolic syndrome, traumatic brain injury, ischemic heart disease, ischemic stroke, cryopyrinopathy, Crohn's disease, ulcerative colitis, insulin resistance, obesity, inflammatory joint disease, and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease.

12. The method of claim 1 , wherein the condition is selected from familial cold autoinflammatory syndrome, Muckle-Wells syndrome, and neonatal onset multisystem inflammatory disease.

13. The method of claim 1 , wherein the condition is selected from proliferative vitreoretinopathy and glaucoma.

14. The method of claim 1 , wherein the condition is selected from metabolic syndrome, hypertension, insulin resistance, and obesity.

15. The method of claim 1 , wherein the condition is selected from atherosclerosis, traumatic brain injury, ischemic heart disease, and ischemic stroke.

16. The method of claim 1 , wherein the condition is selected from Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis.

17. The method of claim 1 , wherein the condition is systemic lupus erythematosus.

18. The method of claim 1 , wherein the condition is gout.

19. The method of claim 1 , wherein the condition is inflammatory joint disease.

20. The method of claim 1 , wherein the condition is non-alcoholic fatty liver disease.