Method and system for hybrid catalytic biorefining of biomass to methylated furans and depolymerized technical lignin
A method is disclosed for converting biomass into a fuel additive, the method comprising: liquefying the biomass to form a liquor; neutralizing the liquor; precipitating lignin out of the liquor; extracting furfural (FF) and 5-hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF) from the liquor; and hydrodeoxygenating (HDO) the extracted furfurals over a Cu—Ni/TiO 2 catalyst. The catalyst for hydrodeoxygenating (HDO) furfural (FF) and 5-hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF) to methylated furans comprises copper-nickel (Cu—Ni) particles supported on titanium dioxide (TiO 2 ), and wherein the copper-nickel particles form core-shell structures in which copper (Cu) is enriched at a surface of the catalyst.
1. A catalyst for hydrodeoxygenating (HDO) furfural (FF) and 5-hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF) to methylated furans, the catalyst comprising:
copper-nickel (Cu—Ni) particles supported on titanium dioxide (TiO 2 ), and wherein the copper-nickel particles form core-shell structures on the titanium dioxide (TiO 2 ) in which copper (Cu) is enriched at a surface of the catalyst; and
a weight ratio between copper (Cu) particles and nickel (Ni) particles in the catalyst is 3:1 to 1:1.
2. The catalyst according to claim 1 , wherein the Cu—Ni particles are between 2.5 wt % Cu to 20 wt % Cu and between 0.5 wt % Ni to 20 wt % Ni.
3. The catalyst according to claim 1 , wherein the Cu—Ni particles are 2.5 wt % Cu-1.5 wt % Ni, 5 wt % Cu-3 wt % Ni, 5 wt % Cu-5 wt % Ni, 10 wt % Cu -5 wt % Ni, 10 wt % Cu-10 wt % Ni, 15 wt % Cu-5 wt % Ni, 15 wt % Cu-10 wt % Ni, 15 wt % Cu-15 wt % Ni, 20 wt % Cu-15 wt % Ni or 20 wt % Cu-20 wt % Ni.
4. The catalyst according to claim 1 , wherein the wt % of Cu and the wt % of Ni in the catalyst is approximately equal.
5. The catalyst according to claim 1 , wherein the copper-nickel particles form core-shell structures on the titanium dioxide that are segregated into two or more core-shell structures and wherein a concentration of nickel (Ni) at the surface of the catalyst is reduced, thereby allowing the Ni to promote Cu reactivity without compromising selectivity.
6. The catalyst according to claim 1 , wherein the catalyst is used for co-processing a biomass containing furfural (FF) and 5-hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF) by hydrodeoxygenation to methylated furans.
7. A method of synthesizing a catalyst for hydrodeoxygenating furfural (FF) and 5-hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF) to methylated furans, the method comprising:
synthesizing monometallic copper (Cu) catalysts and monometallic nickel (Ni) catalysts;
mixing the monometallic Cu and Ni catalysts in deionized water (DI-water) to form a bimetallic Cu—Ni catalyst;
drying the mixture of the bimetallic Cu—Ni catalyst;
calcining the dried mixture of the bimetallic Cu—Ni catalyst; and
synthesizing the bimetallic Cu—Ni catalyst onto titanium dioxide (TiO 2 ) to form a Cu-Ni/TiO 2 catalyst, and wherein the copper-nickel particles form core-shell structures in which copper (Cu) is enriched at a surface of the catalyst, and wherein a weight ratio between copper (Cu) particles and nickel (Ni) particles in the catalyst is 3:1 to 1:1.
8. The method according to claim 7 , wherein a concentration of nickel (Ni) at the surface of the catalyst is reduced, thereby allowing the Ni to promote Cu reactivity without compromising selectivity.
9. The method according to claim 7 , wherein the Cu—Ni particles are between 2.5 wt % Cu to 20 wt % Cu and between 0.5 wt % Ni to 20 wt % Ni.
10. The method according to claim 7 , wherein the Cu—Ni particles are 2.5 wt % Cu-1.5 wt % Ni, 5 wt % Cu-3 wt % Ni, 5 wt % Cu-5 wt % Ni, 10 wt % Cu -5 wt % Ni, 10 wt % Cu-10 wt % Ni, 15 wt % Cu-5 wt % Ni, 15 wt % Cu-10 wt % Ni, 15 wt % Cu-15 wt % Ni, 20 wt % Cu-15 wt % Ni or 20 wt % Cu-20 wt % Ni.
11. The method according to claim 7 , wherein the method of synthesizing the catalyst is a wet-impregnation method.
12. The method according to claim 7 , wherein the wt % of Cu and the wt % of Ni in the catalyst is approximately equal.
13. The method according to claim 7 , wherein the copper-nickel particles form core-shell structures on the titanium dioxide that are segregated into two or more core-shell structures.
14. A catalyst comprising:
copper-nickel (Cu—Ni) particles supported on titanium dioxide (TiO 2 ), wherein the copper-nickel particles form core-shell structures on the titanium dioxide (TiO 2 ) in which the concentration of copper at a surface of the catalyst is greater than 80%; and having a weight ratio between copper (Cu) particles and nickel (Ni) particles in the catalyst is 3:1 to 1:1.