Redox flow battery systems and methods of manufacture and operation and reduction of metallic impurities
A redox flow battery system includes an anolyte having a first ionic species in solution; a catholyte having a second ionic species in solution, where the redox flow battery system is configured to reduce the first ionic species in the anolyte and oxidize the second ionic species in the catholyte during charging; a first electrode in contact with the anolyte, where the first electrode includes channels for collection of particles of reduced metallic impurities in the anolyte; a second electrode in contact with the catholyte; and a separator separating the anolyte from the catholyte. A method of reducing metallic impurities in an anolyte of a redox flow battery system includes reducing the metallic impurities in the anolyte; collecting particles of the reduced metallic impurities; and removing the collected particles using a cleaning solution.
1. A redox flow battery system, comprising
an anolyte comprising a first ionic species in solution;
a catholyte comprising a second ionic species in solution, wherein the redox flow battery system is configured to reduce the first ionic species in the anolyte and oxidize the second ionic species in the catholyte during charging;
a first electrode in contact with the anolyte, wherein the first electrode comprises a plurality of channels for collection of particles of reduced metallic impurities in the anolyte;
a second electrode in contact with the catholyte;
a separator separating the anolyte from the catholyte; and
a cleaning solution, wherein the redox flow battery system is configured to flow the cleaning solution over the first electrode to remove the particles of reduced metallic impurities.
2. The redox flow battery system of claim 1 , wherein the first ionic species comprises a chromium ionic species.
3. The redox flow battery system of claim 1 , wherein the second ionic species comprises an iron ionic species.
4. The redox flow battery system of claim 1 , wherein the reduced metallic impurities comprise at least one of nickel, antimony, zinc, platinum, palladium, gold, or copper.
5. The redox flow battery system of claim 1 , wherein the cleaning solution is at least a portion of the catholyte.
6. The redox flow battery system of claim 1 , wherein the cleaning solution comprises hydrogen peroxide or ferric chloride.
7. The redox flow battery system of claim 1 , wherein the cleaning solution comprises ferric ions.
8. The redox flow battery system of claim 1 , wherein the cleaning solution comprises nitric acid.
9. The redox flow battery system of claim 1 , wherein the cleaning solution comprises an oxidizing species.
10. The redox flow battery system of claim 1 , wherein the channels of the first electrode comprise interdigitated openings or indentations for collection of the particles of the reduced metallic impurities.
11. The redox flow battery system of claim 1 , wherein the redox flow battery system is configured to remove the collected particles of the reduced metallic impurities during a maintenance cycle of the redox flow battery system.
12. The redox flow battery system of claim 11 , wherein the redox flow battery system is configured to perform at least 5 charge and discharge cycles prior to performing the maintenance cycle.
13. A redox flow battery system, comprising
an anolyte comprising a first ionic species in solution;
a catholyte comprising a second ionic species in solution, wherein the redox flow battery system is configured to reduce the first ionic species in the anolyte and oxidize the second ionic species in the catholyte during charging;
a first electrode in contact with the anolyte, wherein the first electrode comprises a plurality of channels for collection of particles of reduced metallic impurities in the anolyte;
a second electrode in contact with the catholyte;
a separator separating the anolyte from the catholyte;
wherein the redox flow battery system is configured to remove the collected particles of the reduced metallic impurities during a maintenance cycle of the redox flow battery system; and
wherein the redox flow battery system is configured to flow at least a portion of the catholyte over the first electrode during the maintenance cycle.
14. The redox flow battery system of claim 1 , further comprising a particulate filter for collecting at least a portion of the particles of the reduced metallic impurities.
15. The redox flow battery system of claim 2 , wherein the second ionic species comprises an iron ionic species.
16. The redox flow battery system of claim 15 , wherein a molar ratio of chromium in the anolyte to iron in the catholyte is at least 1.25.
17. The redox flow battery system of claim 16 , wherein the redox flow battery system, at a state of charge of 0%, has a molarity of H + in the anolyte that is at least 10% less than a molarity of H + in the catholyte.
18. The redox flow battery system of claim 15 , wherein the anolyte further comprises an iron ionic species in the solution and the catholyte further comprises a chromium ionic species in the solution.
19. The redox flow battery system of claim 1 , wherein a volume of the anolyte is at least 1.25 times a volume of the catholyte.