Water-soluble, high-molecular-weight chitosan powders
The poor water solubility of high molecular weight chitosan has limited its use in areas such as food and beverage products, post-harvest treatments, cosmetic and pharmaceutical products, medical treatments, and environmental pollution treatments. Disclosed is a high-molecular-weight, solid-state chitosan powder that is completely water-soluble.
1. A solid-state salt of a chitosan and an acidic amino acid; wherein:
(a) said chitosan has an average molecular weight at least 70 kDa;
(b) said acidic amino acid comprises aspartic acid, glutamic acid, or both;
(c) the mass of said acidic amino acid is at least 0.7 times the mass of said chitosan; and
(d) said salt is a solid-state salt, that has the ability to completely dissolve in water at 25° C. to yield an aqueous solution comprising at least 1% chitosan by mass;
wherein:
(e) said solid-state salt is essentially free of mineral acid;
(f) wherein said solid-state salt is essentially free of acetic acid, and said solid-state salt is essentially free of acetate salts;
(g) said solid-state salt is essentially free of surfactant; and
(h) said solid-state salt is not a coating on an agricultural product.
2. The solid-state salt of claim 1 , wherein said salt has the ability to dissolve in a Tris-HCI aqueous buffer solution having an initial pH of 6.8-7.0 at a rate at least twice as fast, under otherwise comparable conditions, as the rate at which unmodified chitosan dissolves in a Tris-HCI aqueous buffer solution having an initial pH of 6.8-7.0 and containing the same acidic amino acid in the form of a free amino acid, to reach the same final concentrations of the dissolved chitosan and the dissolved free acidic amino acid.
3. The solid-state salt of claim 1 , wherein said chitosan has an average molecular weight at least 100 kDa.
4. The solid-state salt of claim 1 , wherein said chitosan has an average molecular weight at least 300 kDa.
5. The solid-state salt of claim 1 , wherein said chitosan has an average molecular weight at least 700 kDa.
6. The solid-state salt of claim 1 , wherein said chitosan has an average molecular weight at least 1000 kDa.
7. The solid-state salt of claim 1 , wherein said acidic amino acid consists essentially of aspartic acid, glutamic acid, or both.
8. The solid-state salt of claim 1 , wherein the mass of said acidic amino acid is at least 0.8 times the mass of said chitosan.
9. The solid-state salt of claim 1 , wherein the mass of said acidic amino acid is at least 1.0 times the mass of said chitosan.
10. The solid-state salt of claim 1 , wherein said solid-state salt has the ability to dissolve in water at 25° C. to yield a solution comprising at least 4% chitosan by mass.
11. The solid-state salt of claim 1 , wherein said solid-state salt has the ability to dissolve in water at 25° C. to yield a solution comprising at least 5% chitosan by mass.
12. The solid-state salt of claim 1 , wherein said solid-state salt has the ability to dissolve in water at 25° C. to yield a solution comprising at least 6% chitosan by mass.
13. The solid-state salt of claim 1 , wherein said solid-state salt has the ability to dissolve in water at 25° C. to yield a solution comprising at least 7% chitosan by mass.
14. The solid-state salt of claim 1 , wherein said solid-state salt has the ability to dissolve in water at 25° C. to yield a solution comprising at least 8% chitosan by mass.
15. The solid-state salt of claim 1 , wherein said solid-state salt has the ability to form a gel upon dissolving in water.
16. The solid-state salt of claim 1 , wherein said solid-state salt is essentially free of salts of mineral acids.
17. The solid-state salt of claim 1 , wherein said solid-state salt is essentially free of plasticizer.
18. A process for making an aqueous chitosan solution, said process comprising dissolving the solid-state salt of claim 1 in water.
19. The process of claim 18 , wherein the water is essentially free of acetic acid, essentially free of acetate salts, essentially free of mineral acids, and essentially free of salts of mineral acids.