Biomimetic plywood motifs for bone tissue engineering
The invention relates generally to generation of biomimetic scaffolds for bone tissue engineering and, more particularly, to multi-level lamellar structures having rotated or alternated plywood designs to mimic natural bone tissue. The invention also includes methods of preparing and applying the scaffolds to treat bone tissue defects. The biomimetic scaffold includes a lamellar structure having multiple lamellae and each lamella has a plurality of layers stacked parallel to one another. The lamellae and/or the plurality of layers is rotated at varying angles based on the design parameters from specific tissue structural imaging data of natural bone tissue, to achieve an overall trend in orientation to mimic the rotated lamellar plywood structure of the naturally occurring bone tissue.
1. A method of preparing a biomimetic scaffold, comprising:
performing a structural imaging analysis of natural bone tissue comprising a rotated or an alternated plywood lamellar structure;
employing data from the structural imaging analysis to specify design parameters of the biomimetic scaffold and to determine angular displacement of lamella in the rotated or alternated plywood lamellar structure;
obtaining a scaffold material comprising a material selected from the group consisting of metal, metal alloy, polymer, ceramic, and composites and blends thereof;
conducting an additive manufacturing process, comprising:
forming the scaffold material into a plurality of layers;
stacking the plurality of layers; and
aligning the plurality of layers; and
rotating or alternating one or more of the plurality of layers to achieve an overall trend that mimics the angular displacement of lamella in the rotated plywood lamellar structure of the natural bone tissue.
2. The method of claim 1 , wherein the scaffold material exhibits one or more properties selected from the group consisting of biodegradable, bioresorbable, bioabsorbable, biocompatible, bioinert, and bioactive.
3. The method of claim 1 , wherein the structural imaging analysis is selected from the group of imaging modalities consisting of micro-diffraction image analysis, polarized light microscopy, confocal microscopy and SEM surface tomography, X-ray diffraction, X-ray diffraction tomography and X-ray micro computed tomography.
4. The method of claim 1 , wherein the additive manufacturing process is selected from the group consisting of solid free-form layered manufacturing, fused deposition modeling, laser beam processing, electron beam processing, and combinations thereof.
5. The method of claim 1 , wherein the additive manufacturing process is a 3-D printing process.
6. The method of claim 5 , wherein the 3-D printing process comprises a binder-jet-3-DP apparatus.
7. A method of treating bone tissue defects in a human, comprising:
preparing a biomimetic scaffold, comprising:
performing a structural imaging analysis of natural bone tissue comprising a rotated or an alternated plywood lamellar structure;
employing data from the structural imaging analysis to specify design parameters of the biomimetic scaffold and to determine angular displacement of lamella in the rotated or alternated plywood lamellar structure;
obtaining a scaffold material comprising a material selected from the group consisting of biodegradable and non-biodegradable metal, metal alloy, polymer, ceramic, and composites and blends thereof;
conducting an additive manufacturing process, comprising:
forming the scaffold material into a plurality of layers;
stacking the plurality of layers; and
aligning the plurality of layers; and
rotating or alternating one or more of the plurality of layers to achieve an overall trend that mimics the angular displacement of lamella in the rotated plywood lamellar structure of the natural bone tissue; and
applying the biomimetic scaffold as a medical implantation device.
8. The method of claim 7 , wherein the polymer is selected from the group consisting of polyhydroxy acid, polylactic acid, polyglycolic acid, polycaprolactone, and mixtures and blends thereof.
9. The method of claim 7 , wherein the metal is selected from the group consisting of iron, iron alloys, titanium, titanium alloys, cobalt-chromium alloys, biodegradable magnesium, biodegradable magnesium alloys, and mixtures and blends thereof.
10. The method of claim 7 wherein the ceramic is selected from the group consisting of calcium phosphate, hydroxyapatite, tri-calcium phosphate, tetracalcium phosphate, and combinations of calcium phosphate cements and magnesium phosphate cements.
11. The method of claim 7 , wherein the biomimetic scaffold is a cylinder shape.