Immunotherapy methods for patients whose tumors carry a high passenger gene mutation burden
Methods for selecting a cancer patient for immunotherapy comprise establishing a total passenger gene mutation burden from a tumor of a cancer patient, generating a background distribution for the mutational burden of the tumor, normalizing the total passenger gene mutation burden against the background distribution, and categorizing the cancer patient as an immunotherapy responder when the total passenger gene mutation burden is greater than the mean of the background distribution. When the cancer patient is an immunotherapy responder, the patient may be administered an immunotherapy regimen that comprises activation/inhibition of T cell receptors that promote T cell activation and/or prolong immune cytolytic activities.
1. A method of treating a cancer patient with an antibody that binds to PD1, comprising administering the antibody that binds to PD1 to the cancer patient, whereby the cancer patient has been determined to have a tumor having a total passenger gene mutational burden that is greater than a background mutational burden of the tumor.
2. The method according to claim 1 , wherein the passenger gene mutational burden is determined to be greater than the background mutational burden by:
establishing the total passenger gene mutational burden of the tumor;
generating the background mutational burden; and
normalizing the total passenger gene mutational burden against the background mutational burden.
3. The method according to claim 1 , wherein the background mutational burden is determined based on randomly selected genes of the tumor, and wherein a number of the randomly selected genes is equal to a number of passenger genes used to determine the total passenger gene mutational burden.
4. The method according to claim 2 , wherein normalizing the total passenger gene mutational burden against the background mutational burden comprises generating a z-score indicating a number of standard deviations from a mean of the background mutational burden.
5. The method according to claim 2 , further comprising categorizing a mutated gene of the tumor as a passenger gene.
6. The method according to claim 5 , wherein categorizing a mutated gene of the tumor as a passenger gene comprises selecting a mutated gene from the tumor and matching the mutated gene to a data structure comprising passenger genes established according to a passenger gene index.
7. The method according to claim 6 , wherein the passenger gene index comprises a correlation coefficient between a fraction of samples comprising the mutated gene obtained from a cancer patient cohort and a median number of mutated genes in each type of tumor within the cancer patient cohort.
8. The method according to claim 1 , wherein the antibody that binds to PD1 comprises a heavy chain variable region (HCVR) comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:21.
9. The method according to claim 2 , further comprising receiving genetic sequence data, wherein the genetic sequence data comprises a plurality of genes and is derived from the tumor of the patient.
10. The method according to claim 2 , wherein the total passenger gene mutational burden is greater than the background mutational burden when the normalized passenger gene mutational burden is at least about 1, at least about 1.5, at least about 2, at least about 2.5, at least about 3, or greater than 3 standard deviations greater than the mean of the background mutational burden.
11. The method according to claim 1 , wherein the total passenger gene mutational burden is determined based on one or more passenger genes having a genetic mutation rate that is highly correlated with overall tumor mutation frequencies.
12. The method according to claim 1 , wherein the cancer is cutaneous squamous cell cancer (CSCC), bladder urothelial carcinoma (BLCA), breast invasive carcinoma (BRCA), cervical squamous cell carcinoma and endocervical adenocarcinoma (CESC), colon/rectum adenocarcinoma (CORE), glioblastoma multiforme (GBM), head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSC), kidney renal clear cell carcinoma (KIRC), kidney renal papillary cell carcinoma (KIRP), acute myeloid leukemia (LAML), liver hepatocellular carcinoma (LIHC), brain lower grade glioma (LGG), lung adenocarcinoma (LUAD), lung squamous cell carcinoma (LUSC), ovarian serous cystadenocarcinoma (OV), pheochromocytoma and paraganglioma (PCPG), prostate adenocarcinoma (PRAD), skin cutaneous melanoma (SKCM), uterine corpus endometrioid carcinoma, or stomach adenocarcinoma.
13. The method according to claim 1 , wherein the cancer comprises a lung cancer.
14. The method according to claim 13 , wherein the lung cancer comprises non-small-cell lung carcinoma.
15. The method according to claim 1 , wherein the cancer comprises a skin cancer.
16. The method according to claim 15 , wherein the skin cancer comprises cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma (CSCC).
17. The method according to claim 1 , wherein the cancer comprises a cervical cancer.
18. The method according to claim 8 , wherein the cancer is cutaneous squamous cell cancer (CSCC), bladder urothelial carcinoma (BLCA), breast invasive carcinoma (BRCA), cervical squamous cell carcinoma and endocervical adenocarcinoma (CESC), colon/rectum adenocarcinoma (CORE), glioblastoma multiforme (GBM), head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSC), kidney renal clear cell carcinoma (KIRC), kidney renal papillary cell carcinoma (KIRP), acute myeloid leukemia (LAML), liver hepatocellular carcinoma (LIHC), brain lower grade glioma (LGG), lung adenocarcinoma (LUAD), lung squamous cell carcinoma (LUSC), ovarian serous cystadenocarcinoma (OV), pheochromocytoma and paraganglioma (PCPG), prostate adenocarcinoma (PRAD), skin cutaneous melanoma (SKCM), uterine corpus endometrioid carcinoma, or stomach adenocarcinoma.
19. The method according to claim 8 , wherein the cancer comprises a lung cancer.
20. The method according to claim 19 , wherein the lung cancer comprises non-small-cell lung carcinoma.
21. The method according to claim 8 , wherein the cancer comprises a skin cancer.
22. The method according to claim 21 , wherein the skin cancer comprises cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma (CSCC).
23. The method according to claim 8 , wherein the cancer comprises a cervical cancer.
24. The method according to claim 8 , wherein the antibody that binds to PD1 further comprises a light chain variable region (LCVR) comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 22.
25. The method according to claim 24 , wherein the cancer is cutaneous squamous cell cancer (CSCC), bladder urothelial carcinoma (BLCA), breast invasive carcinoma (BRCA), cervical squamous cell carcinoma and endocervical adenocarcinoma (CESC), colon/rectum adenocarcinoma (CORE), glioblastoma multiforme (GBM), head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSC), kidney renal clear cell carcinoma (KIRC), kidney renal papillary cell carcinoma (KIRP), acute myeloid leukemia (LAML), liver hepatocellular carcinoma (LIHC), brain lower grade glioma (LGG), lung adenocarcinoma (LUAD), lung squamous cell carcinoma (LUSC), ovarian serous cystadenocarcinoma (OV), pheochromocytoma and paraganglioma (PCPG), prostate adenocarcinoma (PRAD), skin cutaneous melanoma (SKCM), uterine corpus endometrioid carcinoma, or stomach adenocarcinoma.
26. The method according to claim 24 , wherein the cancer comprises a lung cancer.
27. The method according to claim 26 , wherein the lung cancer comprises non-small-cell lung carcinoma.
28. The method according to claim 24 , wherein the cancer comprises a skin cancer.
29. The method according to claim 28 , wherein the skin cancer comprises cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma (CSCC).
30. The method according to claim 24 , wherein the cancer comprises a cervical cancer.
31. The method according to claim 24 , wherein the antibody that binds to PD1 comprises cemiplimab.
32. The method according to claim 31 , wherein the cancer is cutaneous squamous cell cancer (CSCC), bladder urothelial carcinoma (BLCA), breast invasive carcinoma (BRCA), cervical squamous cell carcinoma and endocervical adenocarcinoma (CESC), colon/rectum adenocarcinoma (CORE), glioblastoma multiforme (GBM), head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSC), kidney renal clear cell carcinoma (KIRC), kidney renal papillary cell carcinoma (KIRP), acute myeloid leukemia (LAML), liver hepatocellular carcinoma (LIHC), brain lower grade glioma (LGG), lung adenocarcinoma (LUAD), lung squamous cell carcinoma (LUSC), ovarian serous cystadenocarcinoma (OV), pheochromocytoma and paraganglioma (PCPG), prostate adenocarcinoma (PRAD), skin cutaneous melanoma (SKCM), uterine corpus endometrioid carcinoma, or stomach adenocarcinoma.
33. The method according to claim 31 , wherein the cancer comprises a lung cancer.
34. The method according to claim 33 , wherein the lung cancer comprises non-small-cell lung carcinoma.
35. The method according to claim 31 , wherein the cancer comprises a skin cancer.
36. The method according to claim 35 , wherein the skin cancer comprises cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma (CSCC).
37. The method according to claim 31 , wherein the cancer comprises a cervical cancer.