Articles and systems involving reaction products on surfaces and associated methods
Methods related to forming reaction products on surfaces are generally provided. Some methods comprise applying first and second polyelectrolytes in first and second polyelectrolyte carrier fluids to a surface. The first and second polyelectrolytes may be different, and the first and second carrier fluids may be the same or different. Some methods comprise forming a mixture of the first and second polyelectrolytes in a mixture carrier fluid that comprises the first and/or second carrier fluids. The first and second polyelectrolyte may be removed from the mixture carrier fluid to form a reaction product on the surface. In some embodiments, the mixture carrier fluid comprises a salt with a molecular weight of less than or equal to 1 kg/mol at a concentration within the mixture carrier fluid of from 0.01 M to 0.5 M. In some embodiments, the mixture carrier fluid has a turbidity of greater than or equal to 10 NTU and a viscosity of less than or equal to 1 Pa*s.
1. An article comprising:
a product disposed on a surface, wherein:
the product is formed by removing a first polyelectrolyte and a second polyelectrolyte from a mixture carrier fluid disposed on the surface, wherein the mixture carrier fluid is formed by spraying a first carrier fluid comprising the first polyelectrolyte and a second carrier fluid comprising the second polyelectrolyte onto the surface, and wherein removing the first polyelectrolyte and the second polyelectrolyte from the mixture carrier fluid comprises precipitating the first polyelectrolyte and the second polyelectrolyte from the mixture carrier fluid and/or evaporating the mixture carrier fluid, and
the mixture carrier fluid comprises an aqueous solution comprising an active agent, a salt with a molecular weight of less than or equal to 1 kg/mol at a concentration within the mixture carrier fluid of less than 0.2 M, and a concentration of each of the first polyelectrolyte and the second polyelectrolyte within the mixture carrier fluid is greater than or equal to 1 mM and less than or equal to 30 mM, wherein the mixture carrier fluid has a pH between greater than or equal to 5 and less than or equal to 8, a turbidity greater than or equal to 50 NTU, and a viscosity less than or equal to 1 Pa*s, and wherein the active agent comprises an agricultural chemical.
2. The article as in claim 1 , wherein the molecular weight of the salt is less than or equal to 200 g/mol.
3. The article as in claim 1 , wherein the concentration of the salt within the mixture carrier fluid is greater than or equal to 0.01 M.
4. The article as in claim 1 , wherein an absolute value of a zeta potential of the first polyelectrolyte in the mixture carrier fluid is greater than or equal to 5 mV and an absolute value of a zeta potential of the second polyelectrolyte in the mixture carrier fluid is greater than or equal to 5 mV.
5. The article as in claim 1 , wherein an absolute value of a zeta potential of the first polyelectrolyte in the mixture carrier fluid is greater than or equal to 20 mV and an absolute value of a zeta potential of the second polyelectrolyte in the mixture carrier fluid is greater than or equal to 20 mV.
6. The article as in claim 1 , wherein the concentration of the first polyelectrolyte within the mixture carrier fluid is greater than or equal to 5 mM and less than or equal to 20 mM.
7. The article as in claim 1 , wherein the concentration of the second polyelectrolyte within the mixture carrier fluid is greater than or equal to 5 mM and less than or equal to 20 mM.
8. The article as in claim 1 , wherein the agricultural chemical is a pesticide.
9. The article as in claim 1 , wherein the surface comprises a portion of a plant.
10. The article as in claim 1 , wherein the surface has a roughness of from 20 nm to 10 microns.
11. The article as in claim 1 , wherein the turbidity of the mixture carrier fluid is greater than or equal to 100 NTU.
12. The article as in claim 1 , wherein the viscosity of the mixture carrier fluid is less than or equal to 0.5 Pa*s.
13. The article as in claim 1 , wherein at least a portion of the first polyelectrolyte and/or at least a portion of the second polyelectrolyte is not removed from the mixture carrier fluid.
14. A composition and/or kit, comprising:
a first carrier fluid comprising a first polyelectrolyte; and
a second carrier fluid comprising a second polyelectrolyte, wherein:
the first polyelectrolyte and the second polyelectrolyte are different,
the first carrier fluid and the second carrier fluid are configured to form a mixture carrier fluid that comprises the first carrier fluid and/or the second carrier fluid, and
the mixture carrier fluid comprises an aqueous solution comprising an active agent, a salt with a molecular weight of less than or equal to 1 kg/mol at a concentration within the mixture carrier fluid of less than 0.2 M, and a concentration of each of the first polyelectrolyte and the second polyelectrolyte within the mixture carrier fluid is greater than or equal to 1 mM and less than or equal to 30 mM, wherein the mixture carrier fluid has a pH between greater than or equal to 5 and less than or equal to 8, a turbidity greater than or equal to 50 NTU, and a viscosity less than or equal to 1 Pa*s, and wherein the active agent comprises an agricultural chemical.
15. The article as in claim 1 , wherein the pH of the mixture carrier fluid is between greater than or equal to 5.5 and less than or equal to 7.
16. The article as in claim 1 , wherein the active agent comprises a herbicide, a fertilizer, and/or a nutrient.