Multi-stable actuator
A multi-stable actuator includes a first superelastic-shape memory alloy (SE-SMA) wire extending between a first fixed support and a movable element and a second SE-SMA wire extending between a second fixed support and the movable element. The first SE-SMA wire is in tension against the second SE-SMA wire and the second SE-SMA wire is in tension against the first SE-SMA wire. The multi-stable actuator also includes at least one heating device configured to heat the first SE-SMA wire independent of the second SE-SMA wire and to heat the second SE-SMA wire independent of the first SE-SMA wire such that the movable element moves between and to at least three fixed positions without use of a brake or clutch.
1. A multi-stable actuator comprising:
a first superelastic-shape memory alloy (SE-SMA) wire extending between a first fixed support and a movable element, the movable element being an electrical ground;
a second SE-SMA wire extending between a second fixed support and the movable element, wherein the first SE-SMA wire is in tension against the second SE-SMA wire and the second SE-SMA wire is in tension against the first SE-SMA wire; and
at least one heating device, the at least one heating device being at least one electrical power supply configured to apply an electrical current and heat the first SE-SMA wire independent of the second SE-SMA wire and to apply an electrical current and heat the second SE-SMA wire independent of the first SE-SMA wire such that the movable element moves between and to at least three fixed positions without a brake.
2. The multi-stable actuator according to claim 1 , wherein the first SE-SMA wire and the second SE-SMA wire are configured to decrease in length when heated by the at least one heating device.
3. The multi-stable actuator according to claim 1 , wherein the first SE-SMA wire is configured to decrease in length and the second SE-SMA wire is configured to increase in length when the first SE-SMA wire is heated by the at least one heating device.
4. The multi-stable actuator according to claim 1 , wherein the second SE-SMA wire is configured to decrease in length and the first SE-SMA wire is configured to increase in length when the second SE-SMA wire is heated by the at least one heating device.
5. The multi-stable actuator according to claim 1 , wherein the first SE-SMA wire and the second SE-SMA wire are configured to decrease in length and increase in length, respectively, when the first SE-SMA wire is heated to a first temperature and the second SE-SMA wire is at a second temperature different than the first temperature such that the movable element moves from a first fixed position to a second fixed position.
6. The multi-stable actuator according to claim 5 , wherein the first SE-SMA wire and the second SE-SMA wire are configured to decrease in length and increase in length, respectively, when the first SE-SMA wire is heated to a third temperature different than the first temperature and the second SE-SMA wire is at the second temperature such that the movable element moves from the first fixed position to a third fixed position different than the second fixed position.
7. The multi-stable actuator according to claim 6 , wherein the first SE-SMA wire and the second SE-SMA wire are configured to decrease in length and increase in length, respectively, when the first SE-SMA wire is heated to a fourth temperature different than the third temperature and the second SE-SMA wire is at the second temperature such that the movable element moves from the first fixed position to a fourth fixed position different than the second and third fixed positions.
8. The multi-stable actuator according to claim 1 , wherein the first SE-SMA wire and the second SE-SMA wire are configured to decrease in length and increase in length, respectively, when the first SE-SMA wire is heated to a first temperature and the second SE-SMA wire is heated to a second temperature less than the first temperature such that the movable element moves from a first fixed position to a second fixed position.
9. The multi-stable actuator according to claim 8 , wherein the first SE-SMA wire and the second SE-SMA wire are configured to decrease in length and increase in length, respectively, when the first SE-SMA wire is heated to a third temperature different than the first temperature and the second SE-SMA wire is at the second temperature such that the movable element moves from the first fixed position to a third fixed position different than the second fixed position.
10. The multi-stable actuator according to claim 9 , wherein the first SE-SMA wire and the second SE-SMA wire are configured to decrease in length and increase in length, respectively, when the first SE-SMA wire is heated to a fourth temperature different than the second and third temperatures and the second SE-SMA wire is at the second temperature such that the movable element moves from the first fixed position to a fourth fixed position different than the second fixed position.
11. The multi-stable actuator according to claim 10 , wherein the first SE-SMA wire and the second SE-SMA wire are configured to increase in length and decrease in length, respectively, when the second SE-SMA wire is heated to a fifth temperature different than the second temperature and the first SE-SMA wire is at the second temperature such that the movable element moves from the fourth fixed position to a fifth fixed position different than the fourth fixed position.
12. The multi-stable actuator according to claim 1 further comprising a controller configured to command the at least one heating device such that the first SE-SMA wire is heated independent of the second SE-SMA wire and the second SE-SMA wire is heated independent of the first SE-SMA wire.
13. The multi-stable actuator according to claim 12 , wherein the controller is configured to command the at least one heating device such that the first SE-SMA wire is heated to one of a first temperature, a second temperature different than the first temperature, and a third temperature different than the first and second temperatures, such that the first SE-SMA wire decreases in length by a first distance, a second distance different than the first distance, and a third distance different than the first and second distances, respectively, such that the movable element moves to a first fixed position, to a second fixed position different than the first fixed position, and a third fixed position different than the first and second fixed positions, respectively.
14. The multi-stable actuator according to claim 13 , wherein the controller is further configured to command the at least one heating device such that the second SE-SMA wire is heated to a predefined elevated temperature such that the second SE-SMA wire decreases in length and the movable element moves to a fourth fixed position.
15. A multi-stable actuator comprising:
a first superelastic-shape memory alloy (SE-SMA) wire extending between a first fixed support and an electrical ground configured as a movable element;
a second SE-SMA wire extending between a second fixed support and the movable element, wherein the first SE-SMA wire is in tension against the second SE-SMA wire and the second SE-SMA wire is in tension against the first SE-SMA wire; and
an electrical power supply configured to:
apply electrical current to and heat the first SE-SMA wire independent of the second SE-SMA wire such that the first SE-SMA wire decreases in length a first predetermined amount and the second SE-SMA wire increases in length the first predetermined amount such that the movable element moves from a first predetermined fixed position to a second predetermined fixed position; and
apply electrical current to and heat the second SE-SMA wire independent of the first SE-SMA wire such that the second SE-SMA wire decreases in length a second predetermined amount and the first SE-SMA wire increases in length the second predetermined amount such that the movable element moves from the second predetermined fixed position to a third predetermined fixed position different than the first and second predetermined fixed positions.
16. The multi-stable actuator according to claim 15 further comprising a first pulley positioned between the first fixed support and the movable element, wherein the first SE-SMA wire is disposed on the first pulley.
17. The multi-stable actuator according to claim 16 further comprising a second pulley positioned between the second fixed support and the movable element, wherein the second SE-SMA wire is disposed on the second pulley.
18. A method of operating an actuator, the method comprising:
a) selectively heating a first superelastic-shape memory alloy (SE-SMA) wire of a multi-stable actuator such that the first SE-SMA wire decreases in length and a second SE-SMA wire of the multi-stable actuator increases in length, the multi-stable actuator comprising:
the first SE-SMA wire extending between a first fixed support and a movable element;
the second SE-SMA wire extending between a second fixed support and the movable element, wherein the first SE-SMA wire is in tension against the second SE-SMA wire and the second SE-SMA wire is in tension against the first SE-SMA wire; and
a heating device configured to heat the first SE-SMA wire independent of the second SE-SMA wire and to heat the second SE-SMA wire independent of the first SE-SMA wire, wherein:
the first SE-SMA wire and the second SE-SMA wire are configured to decrease in length and increase in length, respectively, when the first SE-SMA wire is heated to a first temperature and the second SE-SMA wire is heated to a second temperature less than the first temperature such that the movable element moves from a first fixed position to a second fixed position; and
the first SE-SMA wire and the second SE-SMA wire are configured to decrease in length and increase in length, respectively, when the first SE-SMA wire is heated to a third temperature different than the first temperature and the second SE-SMA wire is at the second temperature such that the movable element moves from the first fixed position to a third fixed position different than the second fixed position;
b) selectively heating the second SE-SMA wire such that the second SE-SMA wire decreases in length and the first SE-SMA wire increases in length; and
c) repeating a) and b) such that the movable element moves between and is stationary at more than two fixed positions without using a brake.
19. The method according to claim 18 , wherein the movable element is an electrical ground, and the heating device is an electrical power supply configured to apply electrical current to and heat the first SE-SMA wire independent of the second SE-SMA wire and to apply electrical current to and heat the second SE-SMA wire independent of the first SE-SMA wire.
20. The multi-stable actuator according to claim 15 further comprising a controller configured to command the electrical power supply such that the first SE-SMA wire is heated independent of the second SE-SMA wire and the second SE-SMA wire is heated independent of the first SE-SMA wire.