Methods for fabrication of silica aerogels with custom shapes using freeze drying
A method of synthesizing aerogels and cross-linked aerogels are described that incorporate freeze-drying in lieu of super-critical solvent drying. Advantages over supercritical drying include a reduction in hazard risks posed by drying at supercritical conditions as well as the ability to up-scale the process to accommodate large pieces of material without introducing risk. In addition, inexpensive and more sophisticated mold technologies, which are not impervious to super-critical conditions, can be used to produce aerogel materials according to the freeze-drying method of the invention. This introduces a level of freedom never before available for the production of aerogel components.
1. A method for producing an aerogel, comprising:
combining a silicon alkoxide or an alkoxide of other transition metals, an acrylate or acrylated monomer and/or an di-isocyanate or tri-isocyanate monomer, a silica derivatizer for derivatizing the resulting pores, the silica derivatizer being an organosilane carrying a polymerizable moiety, a polymerization initiator, being a thermal initiator or a photoinitiator, a solvent, and a catalyst, the catalyst being an acid, a base or a catalyst containing fluoride, as a composition;
pouring the composition into a mold;
allowing the composition to form a wet gel by way of hydrolysis of the alkoxide and condensation of the hydrolyzed alkoxide, the gelation being catalysed by the catalyst;
removing solvents from the wet gel; then
exposing the wet gel to a light or heat stimulus with sufficient intensity to catalyze cross-linking of the wet gel by the polymerization initiator; and
freeze drying the cross-linked wet gel to form an aerogel,
wherein said removing solvent steps increases transparency of the aerogel compared to process where removing solvents is not performed.
2. The method of claim 1 , wherein the removing step is performed such that the solvent comprises less than 5% v/v water based on volume of the solvent.
3. The method of claim 1 , wherein the alkoxide is provided in a first precursor solution, and the acrylate or acrylated monomer and/or an di-isocyanate or tri-isocyanate monomer, the catalyst, the silica derivatizer and the polymerization initiator are provided in a second precursor solution, and the first precursor solution and the second precursor solution are combined to form the composition.
4. The method of claim 3 wherein composition includes tert butanol as a solvent.
5. The method of claim 1 , wherein the composition comprises a primary, secondary, or tertiary alcohol or mixture thereof as a solvent.
6. The method of claim 5 , wherein the solvent is one or more solvent having a low entropy of fusion, or cyclohexane, or tert-butanol (t-butanol), a mixture of organic solvent and water, organic solvent, alcohol, ketone, ethanol, methanol, butanol, propanol, acetone, acetonitrile, or dimethylsulfoxide.
7. The method of claim 1 , wherein the alkoxide is one or more of tetraethyl orthosilicate (TEOS), tetramethyl orthosilicate (TMOS), polyethoxydisiloxane (PEDS), methyltrimethoxysilane (MTMS), or vinyltrimethoxysilane (VMOS).
8. The method of claim 1 wherein the monomer is an acrylated monomer selected from the group consisting of hexanediol diacrylate, acrylated dipentaerythritol, methyl acrylate, ethyl acrylate, 2-chloroethyl vinyl ether, 2-ethylhexyl acrylate, hydroxyethyl methacrylate, butyl acrylate, and butyl methacrylate.
9. The method of claim 1 wherein the polymerization initiator is a thermal initiator and the stimulus is heat.
10. The method of claim 1 wherein the polymerization initiator is a photoinitiator and the stimulus is light.
11. The method of claim 10 wherein the light is visible light sourced from an array of light-emitting diodes.
12. The method of claim 11 wherein the visible light is provided at an intensity of at least 30 mW cm.
13. The method of claim 1 wherein the silica derivatizer is trimethoxysilylpropyl methacrylate.
14. The method of claim 1 wherein the freeze-drying step is performed at a temperature and under conditions sufficient to bring the temperature of the wet gel in its entirety to below the freezing point of the wet gel in less than 4 minutes.
15. The method of claim 1 further comprising heating the aerogel to increase its transparency compared to the aerogel without a post heat treatment.
16. The method of claim 15 wherein the heating is performed such that the aerogel is subjected to a temperature of greater than 400° C.
17. The method of claim 1 further comprising subjecting the aerogel to uniaxial compression.
18. The method of claim 1 wherein the aerogel is from 1 mm to 50 mm thick and has a light transmittance of at least 50%.
19. The method of claim 1 wherein the aerogel is from 1 mm to 50 mm thick and has a light transmittance of at least 90%.