Contoured composite stringers
Aircraft that incorporates a rounded-hat composite stringer connected to an inner side of the skin of the aircraft to form an elongate conduit that defines a conduit axis, where the conduit axis includes at least one curving portion. The rounded-hat composite stringer can be manufactured by constructing a lower forming die and an upper forming die, each forming die having a length and defining a curve along at least a portion of the length of the die, cutting a pre-cured flat composite charge dimensioned to form the rounded-hat composite stringer, pressing the flat composite charge between the lower and upper forming dies to shape the composite charge into a pre-formed stringer having an inner side between curved fillet portions, contacting a forming member against the inner side of the pre-formed stringer, applying radius fillers to the curved fillet portions of the pre-formed stringer, curing the pre-formed stringer, and removing the forming member from the cured stringer.
1. A method of manufacturing a composite stringer, comprising:
constructing a lower forming die and an upper forming die, each forming die having a length and defining a curve along at least a portion of the length of the die;
cutting a pre-cured flat composite charge dimensioned to form a composite stringer;
pressing the flat composite charge between the lower and upper forming dies to shape the composite charge into a pre-formed stringer;
contacting a forming member against the inner side of the pre-formed stringer;
curing the pre-formed stringer;
removing the forming member from the cured stringer; and
reshaping the upper and lower forming dies into different shapes for use in subsequently manufacturing a different stringer having a different shape;
wherein the forming dies are comprised of an elastomeric material.
2. The method of claim 1 , wherein each of the upper and lower forming dies incorporates a complex curve.
3. The method of claim 1 , wherein the pre-formed stringer has a cross-section characterized by a hat height to hat width ratio of at least 0.5.
4. The method of claim 1 , wherein the pre-formed stringer has a cross-section having a base plane and a side wall, where the side wall forms an angle of at least seventy degrees with the base plane of the pre-formed stringer.
5. The method of claim 1 , wherein the pre-formed stringer has a cross-section characterized by a cap radius of between 0.5 inches to 1.5 inches.
6. The method of claim 1 , wherein cutting the pre-cured flat composite charge includes forming at least one curved border on the pre-cured flat composite charge.
7. The method of claim 1 , wherein curing the pre-formed stringer is carried out with the pre-formed stringer disposed directly on a wing skin.
8. A method of manufacturing a complex-contoured composite stringer, comprising:
cutting a two-dimensional elongate piece from a flat composite charge,
pressing the elongate piece between upper and lower forming dies to form a curved pre-formed stringer , and
curing the resulting pre-formed stringer;
wherein each of the upper and lower forming dies has a first curvature around a first axis and a second curvature around a second axis, the first and second axes being orthogonal to each other and distinct from a longitudinal axis of the upper and lower forming dies.
9. The method of claim 8 , wherein the pre-formed stringer has an inner side between curved fillet portions, further comprising:
contacting a forming member against the inner side of the pre-formed stringer, and applying radius fillers to the curved fillet portions of the pre-formed stringer prior to curing the pre-formed stringer.
10. The method of claim 1 , wherein the resulting pre-formed stringer has an inner side between curved fillet portions, further comprising:
applying radius fillers to the curved fillet portions of the pre-formed stringer.
11. The method of claim 8 , wherein the two-dimensional elongate piece has at least two curved edges.
12. The method of claim 8 , wherein the curved pre-formed stringer has a rounded-hat-shaped cross-section.
13. A method of manufacturing a rounded-hat composite stringer, comprising:
constructing a lower forming die and an upper forming die, each forming die having a length and defining a curve along at least a portion of the length of the die;
cutting a pre-cured flat composite charge dimensioned to form a rounded-hat composite stringer;
pressing the flat composite charge between the lower and upper forming dies to shape the composite charge into a pre-formed stringer,
wherein the pre-formed stringer has a rounded cap supported by straight sidewalls, the rounded cap being continuously curved between the straight sidewalls, and
wherein each of the upper and lower forming dies has a first curvature around a first axis and a second curvature around a second axis, the first and second axes being orthogonal to each other and distinct from a longitudinal axis of the upper and lower forming dies.
14. The method of claim 13 , wherein the resulting pre-formed stringer has an inner side between curved fillet portions, further comprising:
contacting a forming member against the inner side of the pre-formed stringer;
applying radius fillers to the curved fillet portions of the pre-formed stringer;
curing the pre-formed stringer; and
removing the forming member from the cured stringer.
15. The method of claim 14 , wherein curing the pre-formed stringer is carried out with the pre-formed stringer disposed directly on a base, and the cured stringer and the base form an internal conduit suitable for the transport of fluids.
16. The method of claim 13 , wherein each of the upper and lower forming dies incorporates a complex curve.
17. The method of claim 13 , wherein the rounded cap transitions to each straight sidewall at a tangent point.
18. The method of claim 13 , wherein the rounded cap has a single continuous curve.
19. The method of claim 13 , wherein the rounded cap has simple curvature.
20. The method of claim 19 , wherein the rounded cap has a fixed radius.