High specific power electrical machine
View Patent ↗An electric machine for converting between electrical and rotary mechanical energy includes a rotor that is journalled to rotate about an axis of rotation, and an adjacent stator that magnetically exerts torque upon the rotor across a magnetic airgap in response to applied electric power to air core stator windings that are bonded in thermal contact to a slotless ferromagnetic stator backiron forming the stator surface facing the magnetic airgap, the rotor has a surface that is opposed to, and spaced apart from, the corresponding surface on the stator, the rotor surface and the stator surface define the airgap therebetween. The rotor has permanent magnets that generate magnetic flux across the magnetic airgap and through the air core stator windings. The air core windings are cooled by a physical loop having an evaporator, a remote located condenser and connected by two fluid flow lines filled with two phase fluid comprising liquid and gas both traveling in the same direction around the physical loop. The evaporator is constructed as an annulus co-annular with the rotor and located in thermal contact with the stator backiron and in thermal conduction indirectly with heat across the bond of the air core stator windings and through the stator backiron as heat is generated from the application of electric power; The evaporator transfers heat from the stator backiron to the fluid through phase change energy of the fluid, and the fluid is passively circulated to the condenser where the phase change energy is released remotely by convection of heat to ambient air, wherein the condenser is located at a higher elevation than the stator and the evaporator has two internal parallel fluid paths located on opposite diametral sides of the stator.
1. An electric machine for converting between electrical and rotary mechanical energy comprising:
a rotor that is journalled to rotate about an axis of rotation, and a stator that is stationary adjacent to said rotor and magnetically exerts torque upon said rotor across a magnetic airgap in response to applied electric power, said rotor having a surface that is opposed to, and spaced apart from, a corresponding surface on said stator, said rotor surface and said stator surface defining said magnetic airgap therebetween;
said rotor comprising permanent magnets that generate magnetic flux across said magnetic airgap and through air core stator windings that are bonded in thermal contact to a slotless ferromagnetic stator backiron comprising said stator surface facing said magnetic airgap;
said air core stator windings are comprised of pre-bundled multiple individually insulated conductor strands that are electrically connected in parallel but are electrically insulated from each other along their lengths inside said magnetic airgap where they are bonded to said slotless ferromagnetic stator backiron;
said air core stator windings are cooled by a physical loop having an evaporator, a remote located condenser and connected by two fluid flow lines filled with two phase fluid comprising liquid and gas both traveling in the same direction around said physical loop;
said evaporator is constructed as an annulus co-annular with said rotor and located in thermal contact with said slotless ferromagnetic stator backiron and in thermal conduction indirectly with heat across said bond of said air core stator windings and through said slotless ferromagnetic stator backiron as heat is generated from said application of electric power;
said evaporator transfers heat from said slotless ferromagnetic stator backiron to said fluid through phase change energy of said fluid, and said fluid is passively circulated to said condenser where said phase change energy is released remotely by convection of heat to ambient air, wherein said condenser is located at a higher elevation than said stator and said evaporator comprises two internal semi-circumferential fluid paths within said evaporator located on opposite diametrical sides of said stator.
2. An electric machine as described in claim 1 wherein:
said electric machine is constructed with said stator located radially inside said rotor, said rotor is supported by a hub located on only one axial end and said physical loop transfers heat energy out the opposite end as said hub by flowing out the internal cavity of said electric machine to said remote condenser.
3. An electric machine as described in claim 1 wherein:
said electric machine transfers stator resistive heat energy from a lower surface area density at said stator to a higher surface area density at said condenser.
4. An electric machine as described in claim 1 wherein:
said pre-bundled multiple individually insulated conductor strands are wrapped with a dielectric film which is bonded directly to said slotless ferromagnetic stator backiron.
5. An electric machine as described in claim 1 wherein:
said slotless ferromagnetic stator backiron has stator outer volume, Vs, and a stator outer surface area on the surface opposite to said magnetic air gap, SAs, and
said condenser has outer volume, Vc, and a condenser outer surface area, SAc, wherein both SAc>SAs and Vs>Vc.
6. An electric machine as described in claim 1 wherein:
said fluid in said evaporator is located substantially outside of the circumferentially traversing magnetic flux in said slotless ferromagnetic stator backiron.
7. An electric machine as described in claim 1 wherein:
said insulated conductor strands are compressed against said slotless ferromagnetic stator backiron and bonded with active length portions all lying in a single layer.
8. An electric machine for converting between electrical and rotary mechanical energy comprising:
a rotor that is journalled to rotate about an axis of rotation, and a stator is stationary adjacent to said rotor and magnetically exerts torque upon said rotor across a magnetic airgap in response to applied electric power;
said rotor comprising permanent magnets that generate magnetic flux across said magnetic airgap and through air core stator windings that are bonded in thermal contact to a slotless ferromagnetic stator backiron on the surface facing said magnetic airgap;
said air core stator windings are comprised of pre-bundled multiple individually insulated conductor strands that are electrically connected in parallel but are electrically insulated from each other along their lengths inside said magnetic airgap where they are bonded to said slotless ferromagnetic stator backiron
said air core stator windings are cooled by a physical loop having an evaporator, a remote located condenser and connected by two fluid flow lines filled with two phase fluid comprising liquid and gas both traveling in the same direction around said physical loop;
said evaporator is constructed as an annulus co-annular with said rotor and located in thermal contact with said slotless ferromagnetic stator backiron and in thermal conduction indirectly with heat across said bond of said air core stator windings and through said slotless ferromagnetic stator backiron as heat is generated from said application of electric power;
said evaporator transfers heat from said slotless ferromagnetic stator backiron to said fluid through phase change energy of said fluid, and said fluid is passively circulated to said condenser where said phase change energy is released remotely by convection of heat to ambient air.
9. An electric machine as described in claim 8 wherein:
said pre-bundled multiple individually insulated conductor strands are wrapped with a dielectric film which is bonded directly to said slotless ferromagnetic stator backiron.
10. An electric machine as described in claim 8 wherein:
said electric machine is constructed with said stator located radially inside said rotor, said rotor is supported by a hub located on only one axial end and said physical loop transfers heat energy out the opposite end of said hub by flowing out the internal cavity of said motor to said condenser.
11. An electric machine as described in claim 8 wherein:
said slotless ferromagnetic stator has stator outer volume, Vs, and a stator outer surface area on surface opposite to said magnetic air gap, SAs, and
said condenser has outer volume, Vc, and a condenser outer surface area, SAc, wherein both SAc>SAs and Vs>Vc.
12. An electric machine as described in claim 8 wherein:
said electric machine transfers stator resistive heat energy from lower surface area density at said slotless ferromagnetic stator to a higher surface area density at said condenser.
13. An electric machine as described in claim 8 wherein:
wherein said evaporator includes an internal wick that pumps said fluid by capillary action and pumps said fluid in a path that comprises multiple turns about the diameter of said slotless ferromagnetic stator.
14. An electric machine as described in claim 8 wherein:
said electric machine transfers stator resistive heat energy from lower surface area density at said slotless ferromagnetic stator to a higher surface area density at said condenser.
15. A method for operating an electric machine to higher power densities in converting between electrical and rotary mechanical energy comprising:
journaling a rotor to rotate about an axis of rotation and fixing a stator stationary adjacent to said rotor that magnetically exerts torque upon said rotor across a magnetic airgap in response to applied electric power;
said rotor comprising permanent magnets that generate magnetic flux across said magnetic airgap and through slotless stator windings that are bonded in thermal contact to a slotless ferromagnetic stator backiron on the surface facing said magnetic airgap;
said slotless stator windings comprising pre-bundled multiple individually insulated conductor strands that are electrically connected in parallel but are electrically insulated from each other along their lengths inside said magnetic airgap where they are bonded to said slotless ferromagnetic stator backiron
coupling said stator to a physical loop having an evaporator, a remote located condenser and connected by two fluid flow lines filled with two phase fluid comprising liquid and gas both traveling in the same direction around said physical loop;
said evaporator being constructed as an annulus co-annularly with said rotor and located radially proximate to stator and in thermal conduction with heat across said bond of said slotless stator windings and through said slotless ferromagnetic stator backiron as heat is generated from said application of electric power;
applying electric power to said slotless stator windings and said evaporator transferring heat from said slotless ferromagnetic stator backiron to said fluid through phase change energy of said fluid, and said fluid is passively circulating to said condenser where said phase change energy is released remotely by convection to ambient air,
said evaporator transferring heat from said slotless ferromagnetic stator backiron to said fluid through phase change energy of said fluid, and said fluid is passively circulating to said condenser where said phase change energy is released remotely by convection of heat to ambient air, wherein said condenser is located a higher elevation than said stator.
16. An electric machine as described in claim 15 wherein:
said electric machine comprises an outer rotor with an inner stator, and a tensioned overwrap band in said magnetic airgap compresses the winding pattern of said air core stator windings against said slotless ferromagnetic stator backiron for increased heat transfer from said air core stator windings to said two phase fluid.
17. An electric machine as described in claim 15 wherein:
said dielectric tape wrapped around said bundles of strands comprises two layers of electrically insulating tape.
18. An electric machine as described in claim 15 wherein:
said insulated conductor strands are compressed against the said slotless ferromagnetic stator backiron and bonded with active length portions of all windings lying in a single layer in thermal conduction with said slotless ferromagnetic stator backiron.
19. An electric machine as described in claim 15 wherein:
said evaporator comprises two semi-circumferential fluid paths located on diametrically opposite surfaces of said stator.
20. An electric machine as described in claim 15 wherein:
said electric machine is constructed with said stator located radially inside said rotor, said rotor is supported by a hub located on only one axial end and said physical loop transfers heat energy out the opposite end of said hub by flowing out the internal cavity of said motor to said condenser.
21. An electric machine for converting between electrical and rotary mechanical energy comprising:
a rotor that is journalled to rotate about an axis of rotation, and a stator that is stationary adjacent to said rotor and magnetically exerts torque upon said rotor across a magnetic airgap in response to applied electric power, said rotor having a surface that is opposed to, and spaced apart from, a corresponding surface on said stator, said rotor surface and said stator surface defining said magnetic airgap therebetween;
said rotor comprising permanent magnets that generate magnetic flux across said magnetic airgap and through air core stator windings that are bonded in thermal contact to a slotless ferromagnetic stator backiron comprising said stator surface facing said magnetic airgap;
said air core stator windings are comprised of pre-bundled multiple individually insulated conductor strands that are electrically connected in parallel but are electrically insulated from each other along their lengths inside said magnetic airgap where they are bonded to said slotless ferromagnetic stator backiron
said air core stator windings are cooled by a physical loop having an evaporator, a remote located condenser and connected by two fluid flow lines filled with two phase fluid comprising liquid and gas both traveling in the same direction around said physical loop;
said evaporator is constructed as an annulus co-annular with said rotor and located in thermal contact with said slotless ferromagnetic stator backiron and in thermal conduction indirectly with heat across said bond of said air core stator windings and through said slotless ferromagnetic stator backiron as heat is generated from said application of electric power;
said air core stator windings providing three layers of electrical insulation between said air core stator windings and ground comprising enamel on base magnet individual wire strands, dielectric tape wrapped around bundles of strands and a film adhesive layer between said dielectric tape and said slotless ferromagnetic stator backiron.