Three-dimensional printed hydroxyapatite composite scaffolds for bone regeneration, precursor compositions and methods of printing
A three-dimensional, biocompatible scaffold precursor composition for room-temperature printing a bio-compatible polymer/hydroxyapatite composite scaffold includes a room-temperature slurry, comprising a mixture of a sold phase that includes a mixture of tetracalcium phosphate (TTCP; Ca 4 (PO 4 ) 2 O) and dicalcium phosphate anhydrous (DCPA; CaHPO 4 ), and a liquid phase that includes a polymer in a solvent. The solvent may be Ethanol (EtOH) or Tetrahydrofuran (THF), and the polymer may be polyvinyl butyral (PVB), polycaprolactone (PCL), or poly lactic-co-glycolic acid (PLGA). The slurry is printed at room temperature in aqueous phosphate (NaH 2 PO 4 ) bath, which works as hardening accelerator, forming the polymer/hydroxyapatite composite scaffold.
1. A precursor composition comprising a non-aqueous slurry comprising a mixture of:
a solid phase comprising a mixture of tetracalcium phosphate (TTCP) and dicalcium phosphate anhydrous (DCPA), and
a non-aqueous liquid phase comprising a polymer and a non-aqueous solvent in which the polymer is soluble,
wherein
i) the non-aqueous solvent is selected from the group consisting of ethanol and tetrahydrofuran,
ii) optionally the liquid phase further comprises at least one additional non-aqueous solvent selected from the group consisting of acetic acid, acetone, methanol, 2-propanol, butanol, 2-butoxyethanol, benzyl alcohol, 1-methoxy-2-propanol, butyl glycol, n-butyl acetate, N,N-dimethylacetamide, N,N-dimethylformamide, dimethylsulfoxide, N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone (NMP), carbon tetrachloride, benzene, toluene, cyclohexanone, 2-nitropropane, 2-butanone, acetonitrile, dichloromethane, chloroform, and ethyl acetate, and
iii) the polymer is selected from the group consisting of poly(ethylene glycol), polyvinyl pyrrolidone (PVP), poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA), polyoxazoline, polyphosphoesters (PPE), dextran, polyvinyl butyral (PVB), polycaprolactone (PCL), and poly lactic-co-glycolic acid (PLGA).
2. The precursor composition of claim 1 ,
wherein the TTCP has a particle size of 1 to 17 μm and the DCPA has a particle size of 1 to 5 μm.
3. The precursor composition of claim 1 ,
wherein the TTCP and the DCPA are in a TTCP:DCPA weight ratio of about 73%:27% to about 20%:80%, and
wherein the solid:liquid phases are in a weight ratio of 0.1:1 to 2:1.
4. The precursor composition of claim 1 ,
wherein the solid phase has a Ca/P molar ratio of 1.33 to 1.9.
5. The precursor combination of claim 1 ,
wherein the solid phase further comprises at least one of α-TCP and β-TCP, ACP, OCP, DCPD, MCPM, MCPA, CaCO 3 , CaO and Ca(OH) 2 .
6. The precursor composition of claim 1 , further comprising a hardening accelerator.
7. The precursor composition of claim 6 , wherein the hardening accelerator is at least one selected from the group consisting of sodium phosphate dibasic, monosodium phosphate, trisodium phosphate, ammonium phosphate, ammonium dihydrogen phosphate, monopotassium phosphate, dipotassium phosphate, tripotassium phosphate, sodium fluoride, potassium fluoride, sodium acetate, potassium oxalate, sodium sulfate, sodium cacodylate, glycolic acid, citric acid, tartaric acid, malonic acid, malic acid, and maleic acid.