Systems and methods for processing ammonia
The present disclosure provides methods for fabricating catalysts for ammonia decomposition. The method may comprise (a) subjecting a catalyst support to one or more physical or chemical processes to optimize one or more pores, morphologies, and/or surface chemistry or property of the catalyst support; (b) depositing a composite support material on the catalyst support, wherein the composite support material comprises a morphology or surface chemistry or property; and (c) depositing one or more active metals on at least one of the composite support material and the catalyst support, wherein the one or more active metals comprise one or more nanoparticles configured to conform to the morphology of the composite support material and/or catalyst support material, thereby optimizing one or more active sites on the nanoparticles for ammonia processing.
1. A method of ammonia decomposition comprising:
(a) providing a catalyst comprising:
a support comprising zirconium and oxygen;
a layer adjacent to the support, wherein the layer comprises Zr a O b doped with cerium (Ce) and oxygen (O), wherein ‘a’ and ‘b’ are numbers greater than zero, and wherein ‘a’ is less than ‘b’, wherein a molar ratio of Ce to Zr in the layer ranges from about 1:25 to 1:5, wherein the layer comprises an amorphous structure, a monoclinic structure, or a tetragonal network structure of (Zr:Ce)O 2 ; and
one or more active metal particles adjacent to the layer, wherein the one or more active metal particles comprises at least one member selected from the group consisting of Ru, Ni, Rh, Ir, Co, Fe, Pt, Cr, Mo, Pd, and Cu, wherein a concentration of the active metal particles ranges from 0.5 wt % to 10 wt %;
wherein the catalyst comprises oxygen vacancies ranging from about 0.1 millimole (mmol)/gram (g) to about 10 mmol/g; and
(b) bringing the catalyst in contact with ammonia at a temperature ranging from about 300° C. to about 600° C. to generate hydrogen and nitrogen at an ammonia conversion efficiency from about 70% to about 99%.
2. The method of claim 1 , wherein the ammonia conversion efficiency is greater than about 90% and the temperature is at least about 500° C.
3. The method of claim 1 , further comprising generating electricity by providing the produced hydrogen to one or more fuel cells.
4. The method of claim 3 , wherein the fuel cell comprises a Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cell (PEMFC), a Polymer Electrolyte Membrane (PEM) fuel cell, or a Solid Oxide Fuel Cell (SOFC).
5. A method of ammonia decomposition comprising:
(a) providing a catalyst comprising:
a support comprising zirconium and oxygen;
a layer adjacent to the support, wherein the layer comprises Zr a O b doped with cerium (Ce) and oxygen (O), wherein ‘a’ and ‘b’ are numbers greater than zero, and wherein ‘a’ is less than ‘b’, wherein a molar ratio of Ce to Zr in the layer ranges from about 1:25 to 1:5, wherein the layer comprises an amorphous structure, a monoclinic structure, or a tetragonal network structure of (Zr:Ce)O 2 ; and
one or more active metal particles adjacent to the layer, wherein the one or more active metal particles comprises at least one member selected from the group consisting of Ru, Ni, Rh, Ir, Co, Fe, Pt, Cr, Mo, Pd, and Cu, wherein a concentration of the one or more active metal particles ranges from 0.5 wt % to 10 wt %;
wherein the catalyst comprises a density of acid sites ranging from about 10 micromole (μmol)/gram (g) to about 1000 μmol/g; and
(b) bringing the catalyst in contact with ammonia at a temperature ranging from about 300° C. to about 600° C. to generate hydrogen and nitrogen at an ammonia conversion efficiency from about 70% to about 99%.
6. The method of claim 1 , wherein the support further comprises one or more promoters that are configured to modify a basicity of the support, and wherein a molar ratio of the one or more promoters to Ce in the support ranges from about 0.1:1 to about 3:1.
7. The method of claim 1 , wherein the layer comprises Ce 3+ ions and Ce 4+ ions, wherein a ratio of the Ce 3+ ions to the Ce 4+ ions ranges from about 0.3:1 to about 0.9:1.
8. The method of claim 1 , wherein the support comprises one or more promoters selected from alkali metals and alkaline earth metals.
9. The method of claim 8 , wherein the one or more promoters are co-impregnated with the Ce.
10. The catalyst of claim 8 , wherein the one or more promoters are selected from K, Cs and Rb.
11. The method of claim 1 , wherein the one or more active metal particles comprises Ru, and wherein the concentration of Ru is at most about 3 wt %.
12. The method of claim 1 , wherein the layer comprises ZrO 2 .
13. The method of claim 12 , wherein the ZrO 2 or precursor(s) thereof comprise beads or pellets; wherein the beads or the pellets comprise (i) a diameter ranging from about 0.1 millimeters (mm) to about 10 mm, or (ii) a surface area per unit mass ranging from about 50 m 2 /g to about 500 m 2 /g.
14. The method of claim 1 , wherein the catalyst is in thermal communication with a combustion heater or electrical heater.
15. The method of claim 1 , wherein the catalyst is contacted with ammonia in a reformer, wherein the catalyst is heated using at least one of an electrical heater, resistive heating, or combustion of hydrogen or a partially cracked stream of ammonia.
16. The method of claim 1 , wherein (b) comprises performing an autothermal heating process to provide heat to maintain the temperature from about 300° C. to about 600° C.
17. The method of claim 5 , wherein the ammonia conversion efficiency is greater than about 90% and the temperature is at least about 500° C.
18. The method of claim 5 , further comprising generating electricity by providing the produced hydrogen to one or more fuel cells.
19. The method of claim 18 , wherein the fuel cell comprises a Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cell (PEMFC), a Polymer Electrolyte Membrane (PEM) fuel cell, or a Solid Oxide Fuel Cell (SOFC).
20. The method of claim 5 , wherein the support further comprises one or more promoters that are configured to modify a basicity of the support, and wherein a molar ratio of the one or more promoters to Ce in the support ranges from about 0.1:1 to about 3:1.
21. The method of claim 5 , wherein the layer comprises Ce 3+ ions and Ce 4+ ions, wherein a ratio of the Ce 3+ ions to the Ce 4+ ions ranges from about 0.3:1 to about 0.9:1.
22. The method of claim 5 , wherein the support comprises one or more promoters selected from alkali metals and alkaline earth metals.
23. The method of claim 22 , wherein the one or more promoters are co-impregnated with the Ce.
24. The catalyst of claim 22 , wherein the one or more promoters are selected from K, Cs and Rb.
25. The method of claim 5 , wherein the one or more active metal particles comprises Ru, and wherein the concentration of Ru is at most about 3 wt %.
26. The method of claim 5 , wherein the layer comprises ZrO 2 .
27. The method of claim 26 , wherein the ZrO 2 or precursor(s) thereof comprise beads or pellets; wherein the beads or the pellets comprise (i) a diameter ranging from about 0.1 millimeters (mm) to about 10 mm, or (ii) a surface area per unit mass ranging from about 50 m 2 /g to about 500 m 2 /g.
28. The method of claim 5 , wherein the catalyst is in thermal communication with a combustion heater or electrical heater.
29. The method of claim 5 , wherein the catalyst is contacted with ammonia in a reformer, wherein the catalyst is heated using at least one of an electrical heater, resistive heating, or combustion of hydrogen or a partially cracked stream of ammonia.
30. The method of claim 5 , wherein (b) comprises performing an autothermal heating process to provide heat to maintain the temperature from about 300° C. to about 600° C.