Composite electrodes and methods of making the same
Disclosed herein is a composite electrode comprising a charge-conducting material, a charge-providing material bound to the charge-conducting material, and a plurality of single-walled carbon nanotubes bound to a surface of the charge-providing material. High-capacity electroactive materials that assure high performance are a prerequisite for ubiquitous adoption of technologies that require high energy/power density lithium (Li)-ion batteries, such as smart Internet of Things (IoT) devices and electric vehicles (EVs). Improved electrode performance and lifetimes are desirable. The disclosed electrode can have a Coulombic efficiency of 99% or greater, and a stable capacity retention after 100 cycles or more. Also disclosed herein are methods of making a composite electrode.
1. A composite electrode comprising:
a charge-providing material comprising magnetite; and
single-walled carbon nanotubes bound to a surface of the charge-providing material.
2. The composite electrode of claim 1 further comprising a charge-conducting material;
wherein the charge-providing material is bound to the charge-conducting material.
3. A composite electrode comprising:
a charge-providing material;
single-walled carbon nanotubes bound to a surface of the charge-providing material; and
a conjugated polymer possessing polar functionality to effectively anchor the single-walled carbon nanotubes to the surface of the charge-providing material;
wherein the conjugated polymer comprises poly[3-(potassium-4-butanoate) thiophene] (PPBT); and
wherein the charge-providing material comprises a material selected from the group consisting of monodispersed Fe 3 O 4 spheres, silicon nanoparticles, metallic oxide, magnetite, and a combination thereof.
4. The composite electrode of claim 2 further comprising:
a first polymer binding the single-walled carbon nanotubes to the charge-providing material; and
a second polymer binding the charge-providing material to the charge-conducting material.
5. The composite electrode of claim 4 , wherein the first polymer comprises a polymer with carboxylic acid side chains.
6. The composite electrode of claim 4 , wherein the first polymer is bound to the single-walled carbon nanotube layer through pi bond-pi bond stacking.
7. A composite electrode comprising:
a charge-providing material;
single-walled carbon nanotubes bound to a surface of the charge-providing material; and
a polymer binding the single-walled carbon nanotubes to the charge-providing material;
wherein the polymer is poly[3-(potassium-4-butanoate) thiophene] (PPBT).
8. A composite electrode comprising:
a charge-providing material bound by a first polymer to a charge-conducting material; and
single-walled carbon nanotubes bound by a second polymer to a surface of the charge-providing material;
wherein the charge-providing material comprises silicon nanoparticles; and
wherein the first polymer is carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC).
9. A composite electrode comprising:
a charge-providing material; and
single-walled carbon nanotubes bound to a surface of the charge-providing material;
wherein the composite electrode presents a Coulombic efficiency of 99% or greater; and
wherein:
the charge-providing material comprises magnetite;
the charge-providing material is bound by a first polymer to a charge-conducting material, the single-walled carbon nanotubes are bound to the surface of the charge-providing material by a second polymer, the charge-providing material comprises silicon nanoparticles, and the first polymer is carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC); or
the charge-providing material is bound by a first polymer to a charge-conducting material, the single-walled carbon nanotubes are bound to the surface of the charge-providing material by a second polymer, the charge-providing material comprises magnetite and silicon nanoparticles, and the first polymer is carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC).
10. The composite electrode of claim 9 , wherein the electrode presents a Coulombic efficiency of from 99.5% to 99.95%.
11. A composite electrode comprising:
a charge-providing material; and
single-walled carbon nanotubes bound to a surface of the charge-providing material;
wherein the composite electrode presents a Specific Capacity of 500 mAh/g or greater; and
wherein:
the charge-providing material comprises magnetite;
the charge-providing material is bound by a first polymer to a charge-conducting material, the single-walled carbon nanotubes are bound to the surface of the charge-providing material by a second polymer, the charge-providing material comprises silicon nanoparticles, and the first polymer is carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC); or
the charge-providing material is bound by a first polymer to a charge-conducting material, the single-walled carbon nanotubes are bound to the surface of the charge-providing material by a second polymer, the charge-providing material comprises magnetite and silicon nanoparticles, and the first polymer is carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC).
12. A composite electrode comprising:
a charge-providing material; and
single-walled carbon nanotubes bound to a surface of the charge-providing material;
wherein the composite electrode presents a stable capacity retention of 75% or greater after 100 cycles; and
wherein:
the charge-providing material comprises magnetite;
the charge-providing material is bound by a first polymer to a charge-conducting material, the single-walled carbon nanotubes are bound to the surface of the charge-providing material by a second polymer, the charge-providing material comprises silicon nanoparticles, and the first polymer is carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC); or
the charge-providing material is bound by a first polymer to a charge-conducting material, the single-walled carbon nanotubes are bound to the surface of the charge-providing material by a second polymer, the charge-providing material comprises magnetite and silicon nanoparticles, and the first polymer is carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC).
13. A composite electrode comprising:
a charge-providing material; and
single-walled carbon nanotubes bound to a surface of the charge-providing material;
wherein the composite electrode initial Specific Capacity changes by 5% or less after 200 cycles or more; and
wherein:
the charge-providing material comprises magnetite;
the charge-providing material is bound by a first polymer to a charge-conducting material, the single-walled carbon nanotubes are bound to the surface of the charge-providing material by a second polymer, the charge-providing material comprises silicon nanoparticles, and the first polymer is carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC); or
the charge-providing material is bound by a first polymer to a charge-conducting material, the single-walled carbon nanotubes are bound to the surface of the charge-providing material by a second polymer, the charge-providing material comprises magnetite and silicon nanoparticles, and the first polymer is carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC).
14. A composite electrode comprising:
a charge-providing material; and
single-walled carbon nanotubes bound to a surface of the charge-providing material;
wherein the composite electrode undergoes a volume change of 40% or less after 100 cycles; and
wherein:
the charge-providing material comprises magnetite;
the charge-providing material is bound by a first polymer to a charge-conducting material, the single-walled carbon nanotubes are bound to the surface of the charge-providing material by a second polymer, the charge-providing material comprises silicon nanoparticles, and the first polymer is carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC); or
the charge-providing material is bound by a first polymer to a charge-conducting material, the single-walled carbon nanotubes are bound to the surface of the charge-providing material by a second polymer, the charge-providing material comprises magnetite and silicon nanoparticles, and the first polymer is carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC).
15. In a composite electrode comprising:
a charge-providing material; and
single-walled carbon nanotubes;
wherein the improvement to the composite electrode is selected from the group consisting of:
the charge-providing material comprises magnetite;
the charge-providing material is bound by a first polymer to a charge-conducting material, the single-walled carbon nanotubes are bound to a surface of the charge-providing material by a second polymer, the charge-providing material comprises silicon nanoparticles, and the first polymer is carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC);
the charge-providing material is bound by a first polymer to a charge-conducting material, the single-walled carbon nanotubes are bound to a surface of the charge-providing material by poly[3-(potassium-4-butanoate) thiophene] (PPBT), and the charge-providing material comprises silicon nanoparticles;
and
a combination thereof.
16. The composite electrode of claim 7 , wherein the charge-providing material comprises a metallic oxide.
17. The composite electrode of claim 16 , wherein the charge-providing material comprises magnetite.