3-D printer apparatus
A 3-D printer apparatus (three-dimensional printer apparatus) includes a bottom structure of a tank. The tank defines a printing area located above and spaced apart from the bottom structure. The bottom structure includes oxygen releasing electrodes. A resin curing device is configured to selectively provide light to the printing area. The electronic controller controls operation of the resin curing device and the oxygen releasing electrodes. The electronic controller selectively operates areas of the oxygen releasing electrodes thereby releasing oxygen to predetermined locations below the printing area in order to temporarily prevent the polymerization of a polymerizable resin within predetermined locations of the printing area during the printing process.
1. A 3-D printer apparatus, comprising:
a tank having bottom structure and a printing area located above and spaced apart from the bottom structure, the bottom structure being transparent and including oxygen releasing electrodes, the oxygen releasing electrodes including an array of electrodes, each electrode having an upper end and a lower end, with tapering side surfaces such that each electrode has a trapezoidal shape as viewed from a side thereof, a first gap being defined between respective lower ends of adjacent electrodes and a second gap being defined between respective upper ends of adjacent electrodes, the first gap being larger than the second gap;
an oxygen source located below the bottom structure and the oxygen releasing electrodes, the oxygen source supplying water to the array of electrodes flowing in a horizontal direction relative to the tank;
a gas-permeable liquid within the tank above and along the bottom structure of the tank defining a dead zone below the printing area above the oxygen releasing electrodes;
a polymerizable resin above the gas-permeable liquid and located above and within the printing area;
an object carrier initially located within the tank during a printing process; a carrier movement device attached to the object carrier;
a resin curing device configured to selectively provide light to the printing area; and
an electronic controller connected to and controlling operation of the resin curing device, the carrier movement device and the oxygen releasing electrodes, the electronic controller selectively operating areas of the oxygen releasing electrodes thereby releasing oxygen to a predetermined location or locations directly below the printing area in order to control curing of the polymerizable resin during the printing process, the released oxygen flowing upward between the second gap.
2. The 3-D printer apparatus according to claim 1 , wherein
the bottom structure includes a membrane with the oxygen releasing electrodes being positioned along an upper surface of the membrane.
3. The 3-D printer apparatus according to claim 2 , wherein
the membrane of the bottom structure is a dense membrane that includes at least one of the following: a modified polytetrafluoroethylene layer, an oxide conducting glass, ceramics, doped cerium oxide and/or an OER catalyst (oxygen evolution reaction catalyst) and/or a water splitting catalyst that includes Pd, Pt or Ni.
4. The 3-D printer apparatus according to claim 2 , wherein
the bottom structure further includes a lower array of electrodes below the membrane, such that during operation of the oxygen releasing electrodes, the electronic controller selectively applies a positive electric potential to the oxygen releasing electrodes and selectively supplies a negative electric potential to the lower array of electrodes.
5. The 3-D printer apparatus according to claim 4 , wherein
each of the electrodes of the oxygen releasing electrodes includes platinum.
6. The 3-D printer apparatus according to claim 4 , wherein
each of the electrodes of the lower array of electrodes include palladium.
7. The 3-D printer apparatus according to claim 4 , wherein the electronic controller is configured such that during the printing process one or more of the oxygen releasing electrodes is provided a positive potential of approximately 1.40 volts and a corresponding one or more of the lower array of electrodes is provided with a negative potential of approximately 1.40 volts causing the release of oxygen to the predetermined location or locations directly below the printing area in order to prevent curing of the polymerizable resin present in the printing area immediately above the predetermined location or locations of the printing area.
8. The 3-D printer apparatus according to claim 2 , wherein
the bottom structure further includes a perforated insulating transparent sheet located above the oxygen releasing electrodes and below the printing area.
9. The 3-D printer apparatus according to claim 8 , wherein
the perforated insulating transparent sheet of the bottom structure is made from one or more of an oxygen permeable polymer, polytetrafluoroethylene and/or a suitable oxygen permeable material.
10. The 3-D printer apparatus according to claim 1 , wherein
the oxygen source located below the bottom structure and includes a conduit that extends along the lower surface of the bottom structure, the conduit having a perforated upper surface, the conduit being provided with water and argon gas flowing therethrough during the printing operation.
11. The 3-D printer apparatus according to claim 1 , wherein
the bottom structure further includes a glass substrate that is between 5 and 10 microns thick.
12. The 3-D printer apparatus according to claim 1 , wherein
the polymerizable resin is a photopolymer that includes one or more of the following group of materials: nylon, acrylic, styrene acrylonitrile, polycarbonate, polystyrene, polyethylene, polypropylene, ABS, PVC homopolymer, PVC copolymer and aromatic polyurethane.
13. The 3-D printer apparatus according to claim 1 , wherein
the resin curing device located below the tank and is located to selectively project light upward through the bottom structure of the tank.
14. The 3-D printer apparatus according to claim 1 , wherein
the gas-permeable liquid defining the dead zone includes one or more of the following group of materials: silicone containing polymers include polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS), cross-linked poly(dimethylsiloxane), poly((trimethylsilyl)propyne) and cross-linked poly(dimethylsiloxane) core and a polydimethylsiloxane and a poly(sils esquioxane) (PDMS/POSS), nafion (sulfonated tetraflouroethylene); co-polymers including one or more of: poly(dimethylsiloxane)-polyamide multiblock copolymer; copolymerizations of diphenylacetylenes having various silyl groups [PhC{circumflex over ( )}CC6H4-R]; R ¼ p-SiMe3 (TMSDPA), p-SiEt3 (TESDPA), p-SiMe2-n-C8H17 (DMOSDPA), and p-SiPh3 (TPSDPA)] diphenylacetylene having a tert-butyl group (PhC{circumflex over ( )}CC6H4-tertBu; TBDPA poly(TPSDPA-co-TBDPA, poly(TMSDPA-co-TBDPA), poly [1-(p-trimethylsilyl)phenyl-2-(p-trimethylsilyl)phenylacetylene]; polytetrafluoroethylene AF 2400, polytetrafluoroethylene AF 1600, polytetrafluoroethylene AD 60, Dimethylsilicone rubber, Fluorosilicone; Nitrile rubber and PTFE.
15. The 3-D printer apparatus according to claim 1 , wherein the gas-permeable liquid defining the dead zone includes one or more of the following group of materials: silicon oil with addition of solid oxygen permeable particles, silicon oil with addition of silicone containing polymers that enhance oxygen permeability having at least one inorganic material, metalloids, boron nitrides, metal oxides including iron oxide, aluminum oxide, titanium dioxide and zirconium oxide, and metal sulfides, 100-200 nm in size and 1-10% weight percentage of inorganic materials in a matrix.
16. The 3-D printer apparatus according to claim 1 , wherein
the oxygen releasing electrodes are arranged in a pixelated array that is at least 1000 by 1000, and the oxygen releasing electrodes generate electro-osmotic flow of the polymerizable resin within the tank when operating.
17. The 3-D printer apparatus according to claim 1 , wherein the electronic controller selectively operates one or groups of the electrodes in a pixelated array of oxygen releasing electrodes to the predetermined location or locations directly below the printing area hereby releasing oxygen to the predetermined location or locations directly below the printing area interfering with curing of the polymerizable resin in the predetermined location or locations directly below the printing area, thereby forming an object attached to the lower surface of the object carrier with a void or voids.
18. The 3-D printer apparatus according to claim 1 , wherein
the oxygen source includes a conduit that has a sideways overall U-shape such that water and argon gas from the oxygen source flow under the oxygen releasing electrodes in a first direction in a first portion of the conduit, then flow in a second direction opposite the first direction in a second portion of the conduit traveling back toward the oxygen source.