Fe-Cr redox flow battery systems and methods utilizing chromium complexes with nitrogen-containing ligands
A redox flow battery system includes an anolyte having chromium ions in solution, wherein at least a portion of the chromium ions form a chromium complex with at least one of the following: NH 3 , NH 4 + , CO(NH 2 ) 2 , SCN − , or CS(NH 2 ) 2 ; a catholyte having iron ions in solution; a first half-cell including a first electrode in contact with the anolyte; a second half-cell including a second electrode in contact with the catholyte; and a first separator separating the first half-cell from the second half-cell.
1. A redox flow battery system, comprising:
an anolyte comprising chromium ions and iron ions in solution, wherein at least a portion of the chromium ions form a chromium complex with at least one of the following: NH 3 , NH 4 + , CO(NH 2 ) 2 , SCN − , or CS(NH 2 ) 2 ;
a catholyte comprising iron ions and chromium ions in solution;
a first half-cell comprising a first electrode in contact with the anolyte;
a second half-cell comprising a second electrode in contact with the catholyte; and
a first separator separating the first half-cell from the second half-cell.
2. The redox flow battery system of claim 1 , wherein the chromium complex comprises a compound or ion having the formula [Cr 3+ (J) x (M) y (H 2 O) z ]
wherein x, y, and z are non-negative integers with x+y+z=6 and x is at least 1,
J is selected from the group consisting of NH 3 , NH 4 + , CO(NH 2 ) 2 , SCN − , or CS(NH 2 ) 2 , and
each M is different from J and independently selected from the group consisting of Cl − , F − , Br − , I − , NH 4 + , NH 3 , ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA), CN − , SCN − , S 2− , O—NO 2 − , OH − , NO 2 − , CH 3 CN, C 5 H 5 N, NC 5 H 4 -C 5 H 4 N, C 12 H 8 N 2 , CO(NH 2 ) 2 , CS(NH 2 ) 2 , P(C 6 H 5 ) 3 , —CO, CH 3 —CO—CH 2 —CO—CH 3 , NH 2 —CH 2 —CH 2 —NH 2 , NH 2 CH 2 COO − , O—SO 2 2− , or P(o-tolyl) 3 .
3. The redox flow battery system of claim 2 , wherein J is NH 3 or NH 4 + and at least one M is CO(NH 2 ) 2 .
4. The redox flow battery system of claim 2 , wherein the chromium complex further comprises at least one counterion selected from the group consisting of ammonium, chloride, bromide, iodide, fluoride, sulfate, or nitrate.
5. The redox flow battery system of claim 2 , wherein J is NH 3 or NH 4 + .
6. The redox flow battery system of claim 2 , wherein J is CO(NH 2 ) 2 or CS(NH 2 ) 2 .
7. The redox flow battery system of claim 1 , wherein the chromium complex is formed in situ.
8. The redox flow battery system of claim 1 , further comprising
a balance arrangement comprising
a balance electrolyte comprising vanadium ions in solution,
a third half-cell comprising a third electrode in contact with the anolyte or the catholyte,
a fourth half-cell comprising a fourth electrode in contact with the balance electrolyte, and
a reductant in the balance electrolyte or introducible to the balance electrolyte for reducing dioxovanadium ions.
9. The redox flow battery system of claim 8 , wherein the reductant is NH 3 , NH 4 + , CO(NH 2 ) 2 , or CS(NH 2 ) 2 .
10. The redox flow battery system of claim 8 , wherein the reductant is an organic compound.
11. A redox flow battery system, comprising:
an anolyte comprising chromium ions and iron ions in solution with at least one nitrogen-containing compound selected from: NH 3 , NH 4 + , CO(NH 2 ) 2 , SCN − , or CS(NH 2 ) 2 ;
a catholyte comprising chromium ions and an iron-containing compound dissolved in solution producing iron ions, wherein the iron-containing compound comprises at least one of iron chloride, iron sulfate, iron bromide, or an iron complex including at least one of ammonia (NH 3 ), ammonium (NH 4 + ), urea (CO(NH 2 ) 2 ), thiocyanate (SCN − ), or thiourea (CS(NH 2 ) 2 ) as a ligand;
a first half-cell comprising a first electrode in contact with the anolyte;
a second half-cell comprising a second electrode in contact with catholyte; and
a first separator the first half-cell from the second half-cell.
12. The redox flow battery system of claim 11 , wherein the nitrogen-containing compound is NH 3 or includes NH 4 + .
13. The redox flow battery system of claim 11 , wherein the nitrogen-containing compound is CO(NH 2 ) 2 or CS(NH 2 ) 2 .
14. The redox flow battery system of claim 11 , wherein at least a portion of the chromium ions form a chromium complex with at least one of the following: NH 3 , NH 4 + , CO(NH 2 ) 2 , SCN − , or CS(NH 2 ) 2 .
15. The redox flow battery system of claim 11 , wherein the chromium complex comprises a compound or ion having the formula [Cr 3+ (J) x (M) y (H 2 O) z ]
wherein x, y, and z are non-negative integers with x+y+z=6 and x is at least 1,
J is selected from the group consisting of NH 3 , NH 4 + , CO(NH 2 ) 2 , SCN − , or CS(NH 2 ) 2 , and
each M is different from J and independently selected from the group consisting of Cl − , F − , Br − , I − , NH 4 + , NH 3 , ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA), CN − , SCN − , S 2− , O—NO 2− , OH − , NO 2− , CH 3 CN, C 5 H 5 N, NC 5 H 4 -C 5 H 4 N, C 12 H 8 N 2 , CO(NH 2 ) 2 , CS(NH 2 ) 2 , P(C 6 H 5 ) 3 , —CO, CH 3 —CO—CH 2 —CO—CH 3 , NH 2 —CH 2 —CH 2 —NH 2 , NH 2 CH 2 COO − , O—SO 2 2− , or P(o-tolyl) 3 .
16. The redox flow battery system of claim 15 , wherein J is NH 3 or NH 4 + and at least one M is CO(NH 2 ) 2 .
17. The redox flow battery system of claim 15 , wherein J is NH 3 or NH 4 + .
18. The redox flow battery system of claim 11 , further comprising
a balance arrangement comprising
a balance electrolyte comprising vanadium ions in solution,
a third half-cell comprising a third electrode in contact with the anolyte or the catholyte,
a fourth half-cell comprising a fourth electrode in contact with the balance electrolyte, and
a reductant in the balance electrolyte or introducible to the balance electrolyte for reducing dioxovanadium ions.
19. The redox flow battery system of claim 18 , wherein the reductant is NH 3 , NH 4 + , CO(NH 2 ) 2 , or CS(NH 2 ) 2 .
20. The redox flow battery system of claim 18 , wherein the reductant is an organic compound.