Iterative discovery of neoepitopes and adaptive immunotherapy and methods therefor
Contemplated cancer treatments comprise recursive analysis of patient-, cancer-, and location-specific neoepitopes from various biopsy sites of a patient after treatment or between successive rounds of immunotherapy and/or chemotherapy to inform further immunotherapy. Recursive analysis preferably includes various neoepitope attributes to so identify treatment relevant neoepitopes.
1. A computer-assisted method of making an immunotherapeutic composition, the method comprising:
obtaining, from a patient, omics data from a tumor tissue, and comparing, via at least one processor, digital omics data stored in a computer-readable memory for tumor cells in a first location in a patient to omics data for tumor cells in a second location in the patient to identify respective DNA sequences that encode neoepitopes in the tumor cells of the first and second locations, wherein the omics data comprise whole genome DNA sequencing data or whole exome DNA sequencing data, and wherein the first and second locations are anatomically different locations, and wherein the neoepitopes are peptide sequences having a length of between 5 and 30 amino acids, and wherein the neoepitopes include a mutation in peptide sequences relative to an amino acid sequence from matched normal omics data from the patient;
determining, via the at least one processor, from a patient sample or the matched normal omics data, an HLA type of the patient;
calculating, via the at least one processor, for the neoepitopes respective binding affinities with respect to the determined HLA type of the patient;
selecting, via the at least one processor, high-affinity neoepitopes for the first and second locations that have a binding affinity to the determined HLA type of the patient of less than 500 nM;
selecting, from the high-affinity neoepitopes at least in part via the at least one processor, target neoepitopes for the first and second locations such that the target neoepitopes for the first and second locations have the same attribute, wherein the attribute is selected from the group consisting of a group attribute, a location attribute, a function attribute, a metabolic attribute, and a pathway attribute; and
generating an immunotherapeutic composition prepared for administration, the composition comprising a neoepitope-specific cell based composition, wherein the neoepitope-specific cell based composition comprises an immune competent cell that is genetically modified to express a chimeric antigen receptor that specifically recognizes or binds to the at least one of the target neoepitopes to target tumor cells in the first and second locations that express the target neoepitopes.
2. The method of claim 1 wherein the omics data have a BAMBAM format, a SAMBAM format, a FASTQ format, or a FASTA format.
3. The method of claim 1 wherein the neoepitopes in the comparing step are determined in silico by a process that performs a location-guided synchronous alignment of omics data for the tumor cells and matched normal omics data.
4. The method of claim 1 wherein the first location is a primary tumor and where the second location is selected from the group consisting of a locoregional metastasis, a distant metastasis, a lymph node, and a circulatory system.
5. The method of claim 1 further comprising a step of confirming expression of the high-affinity neoepitopes.
6. The method of claim 1 wherein the group attribute is selected from the group consisting of a unique neoepitope, a shared neoepitope, ploidy status, and clonality status.
7. The method of claim 1 wherein the location attribute is selected from the group consisting of primary tumor location, a metastasis location, and a circulatory system.
8. The method of claim 1 wherein the function attribute is selected from the group consisting of a driver mutation, a passenger mutation, and methylation status.
9. The method of claim 1 wherein the metabolic attribute is selected from the group consisting of drug resistance and increased glycolysis.
10. The method of claim 1 wherein the pathway attribute is selected from the group consisting of a mutation in a growth signaling pathway, a mutation in an apoptosis signaling pathway, a mutation in a hormonal signaling pathway, and a shift in signaling pathway usage.
11. The method of claim 1 wherein the HLA type of the patient is determined from the matched normal omics data.
12. The method of claim 1 wherein the HLA type of the patient is determined to at least 4-digit depth.
13. The method of claim 1 wherein the binding affinity of the high-affinity neoepitopes to the determined HLA type of the patient is less than 250 nM.
14. The method of claim 1 wherein the immune competent cell is a genetically modified NK cell or a genetically modified T cell.
15. The method of claim 1 wherein the patient was previously treated with an initial immunotherapeutic composition that is different from the immunotherapeutic composition.
16. The method of claim 1 wherein the patient was previously treated with chemotherapy.
17. A method of treating a tumor with an immunotherapeutic composition, the method comprising:
preparing the immunotherapeutic composition by the steps of:
comparing omics data for tumor cells in a first location in a patient to omics data for tumor cells in a second location in the patient to identify respective DNA sequences that encode neoepitopes in the tumor cells of the first and second locations, wherein the omics data comprise whole genome DNA sequencing data or exome DNA sequencing data, and wherein the first and second locations are anatomically different locations, and wherein the neoepitopes are peptide sequences having a length of between 5 and 30 amino acids, and wherein the neoepitopes include a mutation in peptide sequences relative to an amino acid sequence from matched normal omics data from the patient;
determining from a patient sample or the matched normal omics data, an HLA type of the patient;
calculating for the neoepitopes respective binding affinities with respect to the determined HLA type of the patient;
selecting high-affinity neoepitopes for the first and second locations that have a binding affinity to the determined HLA type of the patient of less than 500 nM;
selecting, from the high-affinity neoepitopes, target neoepitopes for the first and second locations such that the target neoepitopes for the first and second locations have the same attribute, wherein the attribute is selected from the group consisting of a group attribute, a location attribute, a function attribute, a metabolic attribute, and a pathway attribute; and
generating an immunotherapeutic composition comprising a neoepitope-specific cell based composition, wherein the neoepitope-specific cell based composition comprises an immune competent cell that is genetically modified to express a chimeric antigen receptor that specifically recognizes or binds to the at least one of the target neoepitopes to target tumor cells in the first and second locations that express the target neoepitopes;
treating the tumor by administering to a patient in need thereof the immunotherapeutic composition.
18. The method of claim 17 further comprising a step of administering a new round of immunotherapy or chemotherapy subsequent to the step of administering the immunotherapeutic composition to the patient.
19. The method of claim 18 wherein the new round of immunotherapy or chemotherapy is informed by identification of treatment relevant neoepitopes.
20. The method of claim 17 further comprising a step of administering chemotherapy using a low-dose regime.