Cellulose foams for high performance insulations
Environmentally friendly, sustainable, and high-performance ultralight composite foams are disclosed. The composite foams are prepared from cellulose nanomaterial, polymeric material, and a crosslinking agent. The fabrication process is simple and uses only water. The composite foams exhibit an elastic strain exceeding the values reported for known nanocellulose-based foams with no reinforcement. The foams exhibit a thermal conductivity superior to that of traditional insulating materials and retain structural integrity after burning.
1. A composite foam, comprising:
about 10 wt % to about 95 wt % of a cellulose component wherein said cellulose component is about 20 wt % to about 100 wt % cellulose nanomaterial;
about 1 wt % to about 25 wt % of a water-soluble polymer comprising a plurality of first crosslinkable groups,
about 1 wt % to about 25 wt % of a water-soluble crosslinking agent comprising a plurality of second crosslinkable groups;
wherein at least a portion of the second crosslinkable groups are covalently bonded with at least a portion of the first crosslinkable groups and at least a portion of the hydroxy groups of the cellulose component; and
wherein the composite foam has an apparent density of about 0.01 g/cm 3 to about 0.25 g/cm 3 .
2. The composite foam of claim 1 , wherein the composite foam has a porosity of about 30% to about 99%.
3. The composite foam of claim 1 , wherein the cellulose component comprises 100 wt % cellulose nanomaterial.
4. The composite foam of claim 1 , wherein the first crosslinkable group is a hydroxyl, a thiol, a hydrazide, an amino group, or a combination thereof.
5. The composite foam of claim 1 , wherein the second crosslinkable group is a carboxylic acid, an anhydride, an activated ester, an aldehyde, a ketone, or a combination thereof.
6. The composite foam of claim 1 , wherein water-soluble polymer is polyvinyl alcohol (PVA), polyethylene glycol (PEG), polyacrylic acid (PAA), polyvinyl pyrrolidone (PVP), polyacrylamide (PAM), alginic acid, starch, xanthan gum, dextran, pectin, or a combination thereof.
7. The composite foam of claim 1 , wherein water-soluble crosslinking agent is 1,2,3,4-butane tetracarboxylic acid, oxalic acid, succinic acid, malic acid, citric acid, adipic acid, or a combination thereof.
8. The composite foam of claim 1 , wherein the composite foam is formed by freeze-casting of a precursor composition that does not comprise an organic solvent.
9. The composite foam of claim 1 , wherein the composite foam has a compression stress measured at 50% strain from about 50 kPa to about 250 kPa.
10. The composite foam of claim 1 , wherein the composite foam has thermal conductivity from about 0.015 Wm −1 K −1 to about 0.045 Wm −1 K −1 .
11. The composite foam of claim 1 , wherein the composite foam has an elastic strain of at least 10% at Young's modulus of from 50 kPa to about 1500 kPa.
12. The composite foam of claim 1 , wherein the composite foam comprises a colorant.
13. The composite foam of claim 1 , wherein at least a portion of the hydroxy groups of the cellulose component are silanized.
14. A building product or a consumer product comprising the composite foam of claim 1 .
15. The building product of claim 14 , wherein the building product is an insulation panel.
16. The consumer product of claim 14 , wherein the consumer product is a cup, a plate, a shipping container, a cooler, or a potting container.
17. A method of making a composite foam, comprising freeze-casting or freeze-drying an aqueous composition comprising a foam precursor, wherein the foam precursor comprises:
about 10 wt % to about 95 wt % of a cellulose component wherein said cellulose component is about 20 wt % to about 100 wt % cellulose nanomaterial;
about 1 wt % to about 25 wt % of a water-soluble polymer comprising a plurality of first crosslinkable groups, about 1 wt % to about 25 wt % of a water-soluble crosslinking agent comprising a plurality of second crosslinkable groups;
wherein at least a portion of the second crosslinkable groups can form covalent bonds with at least a portion of the first crosslinkable groups and at least a portion of the hydroxy groups of the cellulose component; and
wherein the composite foam has an apparent density of about 0.01 g/cm 3 to about 0.25 g/cm 3 .
18. The method of claim 17 , wherein the aqueous composition does not include an organic solvent.
19. A composite foam prepared by a method of making a composite foam, comprising freeze-casting or freeze-drying an aqueous composition comprising a foam precursor, wherein the foam precursor comprises:
about 10 wt % to about 95 wt % of a cellulose component wherein said cellulose component is about 20 wt % to about 100 wt % cellulose nanomaterial;
about 1 wt % to about 25 wt % of a water-soluble polymer comprising a plurality of first crosslinkable groups; and
about 1 wt % to about 25 wt % of a water-soluble crosslinking agent comprising a plurality of second crosslinkable groups;
wherein at least a portion of the second crosslinkable groups can form covalent bonds with at least a portion of the first crosslinkable groups and at least a portion of the hydroxy groups of the cellulose component; and
wherein the composite foam has an apparent density of about 0.01 g/cm 3 to about 0.25 g/cm 3 .