Assay detection, accuracy and reliability improvement

1. A method for improving the accuracy of an assay device that detects an analyte in a sample, wherein the sample, the assay device, or an operation of the assay device has one or more imperfect conditions, the method comprising:

(a) detecting, using the assay device, under the one or more imperfect conditions, the analyte in the sample placed in a sample holder of the assay device, to generate a detection result;

(b) determining a trustworthiness of the detection result by:

(i) imaging, using an imager, the sample in the sample holder to obtain image(s), and

(ii) analyzing the image(s) and a reliability analysis of the detection result, using at least one of a machine learning algorithm, a statistical model, a lookup table, or any combination of, to generate a trustworthiness of the detection results, wherein the trustworthiness is higher when the reliability analysis shows that the detection result has a lesser likelihood of being inaccurate; and

(c) reporting the detection result, if the trustworthiness is higher than a predetermined trustworthiness threshold; otherwise not reporting the detection result.

2. A system for improving the accuracy of an assay device that detects an analyte in a sample, wherein the sample, the assay device, or an operation of the assay device has one or more imperfect conditions, the system comprising:

(a) an assay device that detects, under the one or more imperfect conditions, the analyte in the sample to generate a detection result, wherein the assay device has a sample holder that holds the sample;

(b) an imager that images the sample in the sample holder to obtain images;

(c) a non-transitory storage medium that stores an algorithm that analyzes the image(s) and a reliability of the detection result to generate a trustworthiness of the detection results, wherein the trustworthiness is higher when the analysis of the reliability shows that the detection result has a lesser likelihood of being inaccurate, and wherein the algorithm comprises at least a machine learning algorithm, a statistical model, a lookup table, or any combination of;

(d) a processor that executes the algorithm to determine the trustworthiness of the detection result; and

(e) a data-output device that outputs the detection result, if the trustworthiness is higher than a predetermined trustworthiness threshold; otherwise not reporting the detection result.

3. The system of claim 2 , the assay device comprises an imager that images the sample and detects an analyte in the sample.

4. The system of claim 2 , wherein in determining the trustworthiness, under the one or more imperfection condition comprises: (1) edge of blood, (2) air bubble in the blood, (3) too small blood volume or too much blood volume, (4) blood cells under the spacer, (5) aggregated blood cells, (6) lysed blood cells, (7) over exposure image of the sample, (8) under exposure image of the sample, (8) poor focus of the sample, (9) optical system error as wrong lever position, (10) not closed card, (12) wrong card as card without spacer, (12) dust in the card, (14) oil in the card, (14) dirty out of the focus plane one the card, (15) card not in right position inside the reader, (16) empty card, (17) manufacturing error in the card, (18) wrong card for other application, (19) dried blood, (20) expired card, (21) large variation of distribution of blood cells, (22) none blood sample or (23) none targeted blood sample.

5. The system of claim 2 , wherein the one or more imperfect condition comprises having dusts, air bubble, oil, non-sample materials, or any combination of thereof.

6. The system of claim 2 , wherein the assay device performs a cellular assay, immunoassay, nucleic acid assay, colorimetric assay, luminescence assay, or any combination of thereof.

7. The system of claim 2 , wherein the assay devices comprises two plates facing each other with a gap, wherein at least a part of the sample is inside of a gap and wherein one or both of the two plates comprises spacers that regulate spacing between the two plates, and wherein a sample thickness is regulated by the two plates and the spacers, and is 200 nm or less.

8. The method of claim 7 , wherein the two plates are movable relative to each other into an open configuration and a closed configuration,

wherein, in the open configuration, the two plates are partially or completely separated apart, the spacing between the plates is not regulated by the spacers, and the sample is deposited on one or both of the plates; and

wherein, in the closed configuration, which is configured after the sample is deposited in the open configuration, the sample is compressed by the two plates into a thin layer, wherein the thickness of the layer is confined by a surfaces of the plates and is regulated by the plates and the spacers plates movable to each other and spacers that regulate the spacing between the plates.

9. The system of claim 2 , wherein the sample is selected from cells, tissues, bodily fluids, and stool.

10. The system of claim 2 , wherein the sample is amniotic fluid, aqueous humour, vitreous humour, blood, breast milk, cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), cerumen (earwax), chyle, chime, endolymph, perilymph, feces, gastric acid, gastric juice, lymph, mucus, pericardial fluid, peritoneal fluid, pleural fluid, pus, rheum, saliva, sebum, semen, sputum, sweat, synovial fluid, tears, vomit, urine, or exhaled breath condensate.

11. The system of claim 2 , wherein the analyte comprising a molecule, a cell, a tissue, a virus, and a nanoparticle, wherein the molecule comprising protein, peptides, DNA, RNA, nucleic acid, synthetic compounds, inorganic compounds, or other molecules.

12. The system of claim 2 , wherein the samples are the samples that are non-flowable but deformable.

13. The system of claim 2 , wherein the predetermined trustworthiness threshold is determined by the training and evaluation of data.

14. The method of claim 8 , wherein the spacers are a monitoring mark, wherein the spacers have a substantially uniform height that is equal to or less than 200 microns, and a fixed inter-spacer-distance (ISD).

15. The method of claim 14 , wherein the monitoring mark is used for estimating the TLD (true-lateral-dimension) and true volume estimation.

16. The method of claim 3 , wherein the image is obtained by the imager of the assay device for detecting the analyte in the sample and the image(s) for determining the trustworthiness of the detection result are the same image.

17. The method of claim 3 , wherein step (b) of determining the trustworthiness of the detection result comprises a focus checking of the imager of the assay device.

18. The method of claim 3 , wherein step (b) of determining the trustworthiness of the detection result comprises an evenness of analyte distribution in the sample.

19. The system of claim 2 , wherein step (b) of determining the trustworthiness of the detection result comprises an analyze and detection for aggregated analytes in the sample.

20. The system of claim 2 , wherein step (b) of determining the trustworthiness of the detection result comprises an analyze for dry-texture in the image of the sample in the sample.

21. The system of claim 2 , wherein step (b) of determining the trustworthiness of the detection result comprises an analyze for defects in the sample.

22. The system of claim 2 , wherein step (b) further comprises a correction of camera parameters and conditions as distortion removal, temperature correction, brightness correction, contrast correction.

23. The system of claim 2 , wherein the algorithm further comprising a statistical method or lookup table, or any combination of thereof.

24. The method of claim 14 , wherein the monitoring mark are pillar arrays.

25. The method of claim 8 , wherein the spacers have an inter spacer distance (ISD) that is equal or less than about 120 urn (micrometer).

26. The system of claim 2 , wherein the step of detecting the analyte comprises detecting a signal, wherein the signal is a luminescence signal selected from the group consisting of fluorescence, electroluminescence, chemiluminescence, and electrochemiluminescence.

27. The method of claim 14 , wherein the one or more imperfect conditions of the assay device comprising, the sample holders operation and conditions, sample conditions, or reagent condition, or measurement instrument conditions.