UV active derivatives of pd(AcAc)

1. A composition comprising:

a) one or more olefinic monomers;

b) an organopalladium compound selected from the group consisting of a compound of formula (I) and a compound of formula (IA):

wherein:

L is a ligand selected from the group consisting of P(R) 3 , P(OR) 3 , O═P(R) 3 , RCN and substituted or unsubstituted pyridines, where R is selected from the group consisting of linear or branched alkyl and fluoroalkyl having the formula C q H x F y , where q is an integer from 1 to 16, x and y are integers from 0 to 2q+1, and the sum of x and y is 2q+1, (C 6 -C 10 )aryl(C 1 -C 16 )alkyl and substituted or unsubstituted (C 6 -C 10 )aryl;

R 3 , R 4 and R 6 are the same or different and each independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, linear or branched alkyl and fluoroalkyl having the formula C q H x F y , where q is an integer from 1 to 16, x and y are integers from 0 to 2q+1, and the sum of x and y is 2q+1, (C 3 -C 10 )cycloalkyl, (C 6 -C 10 )aryl(C 1 -C 16 )alkyl and substituted or unsubstituted (C 6 -C 10 )aryl;

each A independently is a bidentate monoanionic ligand of formula (II):

wherein:

n is an integer 0, 1 or 2;

X and Y are independently of each other selected from O, N and S;

R 1 , R 2 , R 3 , R 4 , R 5 , R 6 and R 7 are the same or different and each independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, linear or branched alkyl and fluoroalkyl having the formula C q H x F y , where q is an integer from 1 to 16, x and y are integers from 0 to 2q+1, and the sum of x and y is 2q+1, (C 3 -C 10 )cycloalkyl, (C 6 -C 10 )aryl(C 1 -C 16 )alkyl and substituted or unsubstituted (C 6 -C 10 )aryl; provided when either X or Y is O or S, R 1 and R 5 , respectively, do not exist;

c) a photoacid generator selected from the group consisting of:

a compound of formula (III):

 and

a compound of formula (IV):

wherein:

a is an integer from 0 to 5;

An {circle around (−)} is selected from the group consisting of Cl {circle around (−)} , Br {circle around (−)} , I {circle around (−)} , BF 4 {circle around (−)} , tetrakis(pentafluorophenyl)borate, tetrakis(3,5-bis(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)borate, tetrakis(2-fluorophenyl)borate, tetrakis(3-fluorophenyl)borate, tetrakis(4-fluorophenyl)borate, tetrakis(3,5-difluorophenyl)borate, tetrakis(2,3,4,5-tetrafluorophenyl)borate, tetrakis(3,4,5,6-tetrafluorophenyl)borate, tetrakis(3,4,5-trifluorophenyl)borate, methyltris(perfluorophenyl)borate, ethyltris(perfluorophenyl)borate, phenyltris(perfluorophenyl)borate, tetrakis(1,2,2-trifluoroethylenyl)borate, tetrakis(4-tri-1-propylsilyltetrafluorophenyl)borate, tetrakis(4-dimethyl-tert-butylsilyltetrafluorophenyl)borate, (triphenylsiloxy)tris(pentafluorophenyl)borate, (octyloxy)tris(pentafluorophenyl)borate, tetrakis[3,5-bis[1-methoxy-2,2,2-trifluoro-1-(trifluoromethyl)ethyl]phenyl]borate, tetrakis[3-[1-methoxy-2,2,2-trifluoro-1-(trifluoromethyl)ethyl]-5-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]borate, and tetrakis[3-[2,2,2-trifluoro-1-(2,2,2-trifluoroethoxy)-1-(trifluoromethyl)-ethyl]-5-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]borate, PF 6 {circle around (−)} , SbF 6 {circle around (−)} , n-C 4 F 9 SO 3 {circle around (−)} , CF 3 SO 3 {circle around (−)} and p-CH 3 (C 6 H 4 )—SO 3 {circle around (−)} ;

R 8 , R 9 , R 10 , R 11 and R 12 are the same or different and each independently selected from the group consisting of halogen, methyl, ethyl, linear or branched (C 3 -C 20 )alkyl, (C 3 -C 12 )cycloalkyl, (C 6 -C 12 )bicycloalkyl, (C 7 -C 14 )tricycloalkyl, (C 6 -C 10 )aryl, (C 6 -C 10 )aryl(C 1 -C 3 )alkyl, (C 1 -C 12 )alkoxy, (C 3 -C 12 )cycloalkoxy, (C 6 -C 12 )bicycloalkoxy, (C 7 -C 14 )tricycloalkoxy, (C 6 -C 10 )aryloxy(C 1 -C 3 )alkyl, (C 6 -C 10 )aryloxy, (C 6 -C 10 )thioaryl, (C 1 -C 6 )alkanoyl(C 6 -C 10 )thioaryl, (C 1 -C 6 )alkoxy(C 6 -C 10 )aroyl(C 1 -C 6 )alkyl and (C 6 -C 10 )thioaryl-(C 6 -C 10 )diarylsulfonium salt; and

d) a photosensitizer selected from the group consisting of a compound of formula (VIII) and a compound of formula (IX):

wherein

R 44 , R 45 and R 46 are the same or different and independently of each other selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, halogen, hydroxy, NO 2 , NH 2 , methyl, ethyl, linear or branched (C 3 -C 12 )alkyl, (C 3 -C 12 )cycloalkyl, (C 6 -C 12 ) bicycloalkyl, (C 7 -C 14 )tricycloalkyl, (C 6 -C 10 )aryl, (C 6 -C 10 )aryl(C 1 -C 3 )alkyl, (C 1 -C 12 )alkoxy, (C 3 -C 12 )cycloalkoxy, (C 6 -C 12 )bicycloalkoxy, (C 7 -C 14 )tricycloalkoxy, (C 6 -C 10 )aryloxy(C 1 -C 3 )alkyl, (C 6 -C 10 )aryloxy, C(O)(C 1 -C 6 )alkyl, COOH, C(O)O(C 1 -C 6 )alkyl, and SO 2 (C 6 -C 10 )aryl; and

R 47 and R 48 are the same or different and independently of each other selected from the group consisting of methyl, ethyl, linear or branched (C 3 -C 12 )alkyl, (C 3 -C 12 )cycloalkyl, (C 6 -C 12 )bicycloalkyl, (C 7 -C 14 )tricycloalkyl, (C 6 -C 10 )aryl and (C 6 -C 10 )aryl(C 1 -C 3 )alkyl.

2. The composition according to claim 1 , wherein said olefinic monomer is of the formula (V):

wherein:

m is an integer 0, 1 or 2;

is a single bond or a double bond;

R 13 , R 14 , R 15 and R 16 are the same or different and each independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, halogen, a hydrocarbyl or halohydrocarbyl group selected from methyl, ethyl, linear or branched (C 3 -C 16 )alkyl, perfluoro(C 1 -C 12 )alkyl, (C 3 -C 12 )cycloalkyl, (C 6 -C 12 )bicycloalkyl, (C 7 -C 14 )tricycloalkyl, (C 6 -C 10 )aryl, (C 6 -C 10 )aryl(C 1 -C 6 )alkyl, perfluoro(C 6 -C 10 )aryl, perfluoro(C 6 -C 10 )aryl(C 1 -C 6 )alkyl, methoxy, ethoxy, linear or branched (C 3 -C 16 )alkoxy, perfluoro(C 1 -C 12 )alkoxy, (C 3 -C 12 )cycloalkoxy, (C 6 -C 12 )bicycloalkoxy, (C 7 -C 14 )tricycloalkoxy, (C 6 -C 10 )aryloxy, (C 6 -C 10 )aryl(C 1 -C 6 )alkoxy, perfluoro(C 6 -C 10 )aryloxy, perfluoro(C 6 -C 10 )aryl(C 1 -C 3 )alkoxy,

a group of formula (A):

—Z-Aryl  (A);

a group of formula (A1):

a group of formula (A2):

a group of formula (A3):

and

a group of formula (A4):

wherein:

Z is selected from the group consisting of:

O, CO, C(O)O, OC(O), OC(O)O, S, (CR 17 R 18 ) b , O(CR 17 R 18 ) b , (CR 17 R 18 ) b O, C(O)(CR 17 R 18 ) b , (CR 17 R 18 ) b C(O), C(O)O(CR 17 R 18 ) b , (CR 17 R 18 ) b C(O)O, OC(O)(CR 17 R 18 ) b , (CR 17 R 18 ) b OC(O), (CR 17 R 18 ) b OC(O)O, (CR 17 R 18 ) 6 OC(O)O(CR 17 R 18 ) b , OC(O)O(CR 17 R 18 ) b , S(CR 17 R 18 ) b , (CR 17 R 18 ) b S, (SiR 17 R 18 ) b , O(SiR 17 R 18 ) b , (SiR 17 R 18 ) 6 O, where

R 17 and R 18 are the same or different and each independently selected from hydrogen, methyl, ethyl, linear or branched (C 3 -C 12 )alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted (C 6 -C 14 )aryl, methoxy, ethoxy, linear or branched (C 3 -C 6 )alkyloxy, (C 2 -C 6 )acyl, (C 2 -C 6 )acyloxy, and substituted or unsubstituted (C 6 -C 14 )aryloxy; and

b is an integer from 0 to 12, inclusive;

Aryl is selected from the group consisting of substituted or unsubstituted phenyl, substituted or unsubstituted biphenyl and substituted or unsubstituted naphthyl, substituted or unsubstituted terphenyl, substituted or unsubstituted anthracenyl substituted or unsubstituted fluorenyl, wherein said substituents are selected from the group consisting of halogen, methyl, ethyl, linear or branched (C 3 -C 6 )alkyl, perfluoro(C 1 -C 12 )alkyl, (C 3 -C 12 )cycloalkyl, (C 6 -C 10 )aryl, (C 6 -C 10 )aryl(C 1 -C 6 )alkyl, perfluoro(C 6 -C 10 )aryl, perfluoro(C 6 -C 10 )aryl(C 1 -C 6 )alkyl, methoxy, ethoxy, linear or branched (C 3 -C 16 )alkoxy, perfluoro(C 1 -C 12 )alkoxy, (C 3 -C 12 )cycloalkoxy, (C 6 -C 10 )aryloxy, (C 6 -C 10 )aryl(C 1 -C 6 )alkoxy, perfluoro(C 6 -C 10 )aryloxy and perfluoro(C 6 -C 10 )aryl(C 1 -C 3 )alkoxy;

k is an integer from 1 to 12;

R 23 , R 24 and R 25 are the same or different and each independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, methyl, ethyl, linear or branched (C 3 -C 12 )alkyl, perfluoro(C 1 -C 12 )alkyl, methoxy, ethoxy, linear or branched (C 3 -C 12 )alkoxy, (C 3 -C 12 )cycloalkyl, (C 6 -C 12 )bicycloalkyl, (C 7 -C 14 )tricycloalkyl, (C 6 -C 10 )aryl, (C 6 -C 10 )aryl(C 1 -C 6 )alkyl, perfluoro(C 6 -C 10 )aryl and perfluoro(C 6 -C 10 )aryl(C 1 -C 6 )alkyl; or

R 23 and R 24 taken together with the intervening carbon atoms to which they are attached to form a substituted or unsubstituted (C 5 -C 14 )cyclic, (C 5 -C 14 )bicyclic or (C 5 -C 14 )tricyclic ring; and Arylene is substituted or unsubstituted bivalent (C 6 -C 14 )aryl;

or

one of R 1 and R 2 taken together with one of R 3 and R 4 and the carbon atoms to which they are attached to form a substituted or unsubstituted (C 5 -C 14 )cyclic, (C 5 -C 14 )bicyclic or (C 5 -C 14 )tricyclic ring.

3. The composition according to claim 2 , wherein said composition comprises at least two distinctive monomers of formula (V) and is in a clear liquid state having a viscosity below 100 centipoise.

4. The composition according to claim 2 , wherein said compositions contains said two distinctive monomers of formula (V) in a molar ratio of from 1:99 to 99:1.

5. The composition according to claim 1 , wherein said composition forms a substantially transparent film when exposed to suitable actinic radiation.

6. The composition according to claim 5 , wherein said film has a transmission of equal to or higher than 90 percent of the visible light.

7. The composition according to claim 1 , wherein said bidentate monoanionic ligand is selected from the group consisting of:

8. The composition according to claim 2 further comprising one or more monomers selected from monomer of formula (VI) or monomer of formula (VII), wherein

said monomer of formula (VI) is:

wherein:

o is an integer from 0 to 2, inclusive;

D is SiR 29 R 30 R 31 or a group selected from:

—(CH 2 ) c —O—SiR 29 R 30 R 31   (E);

—(CH 2 ) c —SiR 29 R 30 R 31   (F); and

—(SiR 29 R 30 ) c —O—SiR 29 R 30 R 31   (G); wherein

c is an integer from 1 to 10, inclusive, and where one or more of CH 2 is optionally substituted with (C 1 -C 10 )alkyl or (C 1 -C 10 )perfluoroalkyl;

R 26 , R 27 and R 28 are the same or different and independently of each other selected from hydrogen, halogen and hydrocarbyl, where hydrocarbyl is selected from methyl, ethyl, linear or branched (C 3 -C 12 )alkyl, (C 3 -C 12 )cycloalkyl, (C 6 -C 12 )bicycloalkyl, (C 7 -C 14 )tricycloalkyl, (C 6 -C 10 )aryl, (C 6 -C 10 )aryl(C 1 -C 3 )alkyl, (C 1 -C 12 )alkoxy, (C 3 -C 12 )cycloalkoxy, (C 6 -C 12 )bicycloalkoxy, (C 7 -C 14 )tricycloalkoxy, (C 6 -C 10 )aryloxy(C 1 -C 3 )alkyl or (C 6 -C 10 )aryloxy; and

R 29 , R 30 and R 31 are each independently of one another methyl, ethyl, linear or branched (C 3 -C 9 )alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted (C 6 -C 14 )aryl, methoxy ethoxy, linear or branched (C 3 -C 9 )alkoxy or substituted or unsubstituted (C 6 -C 14 )aryloxy;

said monomer of formula (VII) is:

wherein:

Z 1 is selected from the group consisting of substituted or unsubstituted (C 1 -C 12 )alkylene, —(CH 2 ) d O(CH 2 ) e —, —(CH 2 ) d (SiR 38 R 39 )(OSiR 40 R 41 ) f (CH 2 ) e —where d, e and f are independently integers from 0 to 6, inclusive, R 38 , R 39 , R 40 and R 41 are the same or different and independently of each other selected from methyl, ethyl, linear or branched (C 3 -C 12 )alkyl, and an arylene selected from the following:

R 32 , R 33 , R 34 , R 35 , R 36 and R 37 are the same or different and independently of each other selected from hydrogen, halogen and hydrocarbyl, where hydrocarbyl is selected from methyl, ethyl, linear or branched (C 3 -C 12 )alkyl, (C 3 -C 12 )cycloalkyl, (C 6 -C 12 )bicycloalkyl, (C 7 -C 14 )tricycloalkyl, (C 6 -C 10 )aryl, (C 6 -C 10 )aryl(C 1 -C 3 )alkyl, (C 1 -C 12 )alkoxy, (C 3 -C 12 )cycloalkoxy, (C 6 -C 12 )bicycloalkoxy, (C 7 -C 14 )tricycloalkoxy, (C 6 -C 10 )aryloxy(C 1 -C 3 )alkyl or (C 6 -C 10 )aryloxy.

9. The composition according to claim 2 , wherein the monomer of formula (V) is selected from the group consisting of:

2-(bicyclo[2.2.1]hept-5-en-2-ylmethyl)naphthalene;

1-(bicyclo[2.2.1]hept-5-en-2-ylmethyl)naphthalene;

2-((3-methylbicyclo[2.2.1]hept-5-en-2-yl)methyl)naphthalene;

2-(bicyclo[2.2.1]hept-5-en-2-ylmethyl)-7-methylnaphthalene;

5-([1,1′-biphenyl]-3-ylmethyl)bicyclo[2.2.1]hept-2-ene;

5-((2′-methyl-[1,1′-biphenyl]-3-yl)methyl)bicyclo[2.2.1]hept-2-ene;

5-([1,1′-biphenyl]-4-ylmethyl)bicyclo[2.2.1]hept-2-ene:

5-([1,1′-biphenyl]-2-ylmethyl)bicyclo[2.2.1]hept-2-ene;

5-(2-([1,1′-biphenyl]-4-yl)ethyl)bicyclo[2.2.1]hept-2-ene (NBEtPhPh);

5-(2-(4′-ethyl-[1,1′-biphenyl]-4-yl)ethyl)bicyclo[2.2.1]hept-2-ene;

5-(3-([1,1′-biphenyl]-4-yl)propyl)bicyclo[2.2.1]hept-2-ene;

5-(2-([1,1′-biphenyl]-4-yl)ethoxy)bicyclo[2.2.1]hept-2-ene;

5-(2-(2′,4′-dimethyl-[1,1′-biphenyl]-4-yl)ethoxy)bicyclo[2.2.1]hept-2-ene;

bicyclo[2.2.1]hept-5-en-2-yl 2-([1,1′-biphenyl]-4-yl)acetate;

bicyclo[2.2.1]hept-5-en-2-ylmethyl [1,1′-biphenyl]-4-carboxylate;

5-(2-([1,1′-biphenyl]-4-yloxy)ethyl)bicyclo[2.2.1]hept-2-ene;

5-(2-([1,1′-biphenyl]-2-yloxy)ethyl)bicyclo[2.2.1]hept-2-ene (NBEtOPhPh);

[1,1′-biphenyl]-4-yl 2-(bicyclo[2.2.1]hept-5-en-2-yl)acetate;

2-((4-(bicyclo[2.2.1]hept-5-en-2-yl)butoxy)methyl)naphthalene;

5-(4-([1,1′-biphenyl]-4-yl)butyl)bicyclo[2.2.1]hept-2-ene;

(9H-fluoren-9-yl)methyl (bicyclo[2.2.1]hept-5-en-2-ylmethyl) carbonate;

1-(4-bicyclo[2.2.1]hept-5-en-2-ylethyl)-3,4-dimethyl-1H-pyrrole-2,5-dione;

1-(4-bicyclo[2.2.1]hept-5-en-2-ylpropyl)-3,4-dimethyl-1H-pyrrole-2,5-dione;

1-(4-bicyclo[2.2.1]hept-5-en-2-ylbutyl)-3,4-dimethyl-1H-pyrrole-2,5-dione;

5-(4-phenylbutyl)bicyclo[2.2.1]hept-2-ene;

5-(2-phenoxyethyl)bicyclo[2.2.1]hept-2-ene;

5-(3-phenylpropyl)bicyclo[2.2.1]hept-2-ene;

5-phenethoxybicyclo[2.2.1]hept-2-ene;

5-((benzyloxy)methyl)bicyclo[2.2.1]hept-2-ene;

5-(phenoxymethyl)bicyclo[2.2.1]hept-2-ene;

5-phenethylbicyclo[2.2.1]hept-2-ene;

5-(benzyloxy)bicyclo[2.2.1]hept-2-ene;

5-(2-chloroethyl)bicyclo[2.2.1]hept-2-ene (NBEtCl);

5-octylbicyclo[2.2.1]hept-2-ene (OctNB);

5-decylbicyclo[2.2.1]hept-2-ene (DecNB);

5-dodecylbicyclo[2.2.1]hept-2-ene (DoDecNB); and

5-tetradecylbicyclo[2.2.1]hept-2-ene (TetraDecNB).

10. The composition according to claim 8 , wherein the monomer of formula (VI) or the monomer of formula (VII) is selected from the group consisting of:

(bicyclo[2.2.1]hept-5-en-2-ylmethoxy)(methyl)diphenylsilane (NBCH 2 OSiMePh 2 );

(bicyclo[2.2.1]hept-5-en-2-ylmethoxy)(ethyl)diphenylsilane;

(bicyclo[2.2.1]hept-5-en-2-ylmethoxy)(ethyl)(methyl)(phenyl)silane;

(bicyclo[2.2.1]hept-5-en-2-ylmethoxy)dimethyl(phenyl)silane;

bicyclo[2.2.1]hept-5-en-2-yltrimethoxysilane;

bicyclo[2.2.1]hept-5-en-2-yltriethoxysilane (NBSi(OC 2 H 5 ) 3 ;

bicyclo[2.2.1]hept-5-en-2-yl(tert-butoxy)dimethoxysilane;

(2-(bicyclo[2.2.1]hept-5-en-2-yl)ethyl)trimethoxysilane;

1,4-di(bicyclo[2.2.1]hept-5-en-2-yl)benzene;

4,4′-di(bicyclo[2.2.1]hept-5-en-2-yl)-1,1′-biphenyl;

4,4″-di(bicyclo[2.2.1]hept-5-en-2-yl)-1,1′:4′,1″-terphenyl;

1,3-bis(norbornenylethyl)-1,1,3,3,-tetramethyldisiloxane; and

1,5-bis(norbornenylethyl)-1,1,3,3,5,5,-hexamethyltrisiloxane.

11. The composition according to claim 1 , wherein the organopalladium compound of formula (I) or the organopalladium compound of formula (IA) is selected from the group consisting of:

palladium (acetylacetonate) 2 tri-isopropylphosphine;

palladium (hexafluoroacetylacetonate) 2 tri-isopropylphosphine;

palladium (hexafluoroacetylacetonate) 2 tri-cyclohexylphosphine;

palladium (tetramethylheptenonoate) 2 tri-cyclohexylphosphine;

palladium (trifluoroacetylacetonate) 2 (Pd(tfacac) 2 ) tri-isopropylphosphine;

palladium (pentafluoropropionyltrifluoroacetonate) 2 tri-cyclohexylphosphine; and

Pd(acac) 2 PCy 3 .

12. The composition according to claim 1 , wherein the compound of formula (III) or the compound of formula (IV) is selected from the group consisting of:

tolylcumyliodonium-tetrakis pentafluorophenylborate;

4-(octyloxy)phenyl)(phenyl)iodonium hexafluorophosphate;

4-(octyloxy)phenyl)(phenyl)iodonium hexafluoroantimonate;

bis(4-tert-butylphenyl)iodonium perfluoro-1-butanesulfonate;

bis(4-tert-butylphenyl)iodonium p-toluenesulfonate;

bis(4-tert-butylphenyl)iodonium triflate;

where R 42 and R 43 are the same or different and each independently selected from linear or branched (C 10 -C 13 )alkyl;

diphenyliodonium chloride;

(4-thiophenyl)phenyl-diphenylsulfonium hexafluorophosphate;

bis-(triphenylsulfonium) sulfide bis-hexafluorophosphate;

tris(4-tert-butylphenyl)sulfonium perfluoro-1-butanesulfonate;

tris(4-tert-butylphenyl)sulfonium triflate;

triphenylsulfonium chloride;

(4-phenoxyphenyl)diphenylsulfonium triflate;

tris(4-((4-acetylphenyl)thio)phenyl)sulfonium tetrakis-pentafluorophenylborate; and

(2-(4-methoxynaphthalen-1-yl)-2-oxoethyl)dimethylsulfonium tetrakis-pentafluorophenylborate.

13. The composition according to claim 1 , wherein the photosensitizer is a compound of formula (VIII):

wherein

R 44 , R 45 and R 46 are the same or different and independently of each other selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, chlorine, methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, iso-propyl, methoxy, ethoxy, propoxy and phenoxy.

14. The composition according to claim 1 , wherein the compound of formula (VIII) or the compound of formula (IX) is selected from the group consisting of:

1-chloro-4-methoxy-9H-thioxanthen-9-one;

1-chloro-4-ethoxy-9H-thioxanthen-9-one;

1-chloro-4-propoxy-9H-thioxanthen-9-one;

1-chloro-2-propoxy-9H-thioxanthen-9-one;

1-chloro-2-ethoxy-9H-thioxanthen-9-one;

1-chloro-2-methoxy-9H-thioxanthen-9-one;

1-chloro-4-methyl-9H-thioxanthen-9-one;

1-chloro-4-ethyl-9H-thioxanthen-9-one;

1-chloro-4-phenoxy-9H-thioxanthen-9-one;

2-chlorothioxanthen-9-one;

2-isopropyl-9H-thioxanthen-9-one;

9,10-dimethoxyanthracene;

9,10-diethoxyanthracene; and

9,10-di-n-butoxyanthracene.

15. The composition according to claim 1 , which is selected from the group consisting of:

5-phenethylbicyclo[2.2.1]hept-2-ene, palladium (hexafluoroacetylacetonate) 2 tri-cyclohexylphosphine, tolylcumyliodonium-tetrakis pentafluorophenylborate and 2-isopropyl-9H-thioxanthen-9-one;

5-phenethylbicyclo[2.2.1]hept-2-ene, palladium (hexafluoroacetylacetonate) 2 tri-isopropylphosphine;

tolylcumyliodonium-tetrakis pentafluorophenylborate and 2-isopropyl-9H-thioxanthen-9-one;

5-phenethylbicyclo[2.2.1]hept-2-ene, Pd(acac) 2 PCy 3 ;

tolylcumyliodonium-tetrakis pentafluorophenylborate and 2-isopropyl-9H-thioxanthen-9-one; and

5-decylbicyclo[2.2.1]hept-2-ene, palladium (hexafluoroacetylacetonate) 2 tri-cyclohexylphosphine, iodonium, diphenyl-, 4,4′-di-(C 10 -C 13 )alkyl derivatives, tetrakis(2,3,4,5,6-pentafluorophenyl)borates and 2-isopropyl-9H-thioxanthen-9-one.

16. A kit for forming a substantially transparent film comprising:

a) one or more olefinic monomers;

b) an organopalladium compound selected from the group consisting of a compound of formula (I) and a compound of formula (IA):

wherein:

L is a ligand selected from the group consisting of P(R) 3 , P(OR) 3 , O═P(R) 3 , RCN and substituted or unsubstituted pyridines, where R is selected from the group consisting of linear or branched alkyl and fluoroalkyl having the formula C q H x F y , where q is an integer from 1 to 16, x and y are integers from 0 to 2q+1, and the sum of x and y is 2q+1, (C 3 -C 10 )cycloalkyl, (C 6 -C 10 )aryl(C 1 -C 16 )alkyl and substituted or unsubstituted (C 6 -C 10 )aryl;

R 3 , R 4 and R 6 are the same or different and each independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, linear or branched alkyl and fluoroalkyl having the formula C q H x F y , where q is an integer from 1 to 16, x and y are integers from 0 to 2q+1, and the sum of x and y is 2q+1, (C 3 -C 10 )cycloalkyl, (C 6 -C 10 )aryl(C 1 -C 16 )alkyl and substituted or unsubstituted (C 6 -C 10 )aryl;

each A independently is a bidentate monoanionic ligand of formula (II):

wherein:

n is an integer 0, 1 or 2;

X and Y are independently of each other selected from O, N and S;

R 1 , R 2 , R 3 , R 4 , R 5 , R 6 and R 7 are the same or different and each independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, linear or branched alkyl and fluoroalkyl having the formula C q H x F y , where q is an integer from 1 to 16, x and y are integers from 0 to 2q+1, and the sum of x and y is 2q+1, (C 3 -C 10 )cycloalkyl, (C 6 -C 10 )aryl(C 1 -C 16 )alkyl and substituted or unsubstituted (C 6 -C 10 )aryl; provided when either X or Y is O or S, R 1 and R 5 , respectively, do not exist;

c) a photoacid generator selected from the group consisting of:

a compound of formula (III):

 and

a compound of formula (IV):

wherein:

a is an integer from 0 to 5;

An {circle around (−)} is selected from the group consisting of Cl {circle around (−)} , Br {circle around (−)} , I {circle around (−)} , BF 4 {circle around (−)} , tetrakis(pentafluorophenyl)borate, tetrakis(3,5-bis(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)borate, tetrakis(2-fluorophenyl)borate, tetrakis(3-fluorophenyl)borate, tetrakis(4-fluorophenyl)borate, tetrakis(3,5-difluorophenyl)borate, tetrakis(2,3,4,5-tetrafluorophenyl)borate, tetrakis(3,4,5,6-tetrafluorophenyl)borate, tetrakis(3,4,5-trifluorophenyl)borate, methyltris(perfluorophenyl)borate, ethyltris(perfluorophenyl)borate, phenyltris(perfluorophenyl)borate, tetrakis(1,2,2-trifluoroethylenyl)borate, tetrakis(4-tri-1-propylsilyltetrafluorophenyl)borate, tetrakis(4-dimethyl-tert-butylsilyltetrafluorophenyl)borate, (triphenylsiloxy)tris(pentafluorophenyl)borate, (octyloxy)tris(pentafluorophenyl)borate, tetrakis[3,5-bis[1-methoxy-2,2,2-trifluoro-1-(trifluoromethyl)ethyl]phenyl]borate, tetrakis[3-[1-methoxy-2,2,2-trifluoro-1-(trifluoromethyl)ethyl]-5-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]borate, and tetrakis[3-[2,2,2-trifluoro-1-(2,2,2-trifluoroethoxy)-1-(trifluoromethyl)-ethyl]-5-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]borate, PF 6 {circle around (−)} , SbF 6 {circle around (−)} , n-C 4 F 9 SO 3 {circle around (−)} , CF 3 SO 3 {circle around (−)} and p-CH 3 (C 6 H 4 )—SO 3 {circle around (−)} ;

R 8 , R 9 , R 10 , R 11 and R 12 are the same or different and each independently selected from the group consisting of halogen, methyl, ethyl, linear or branched (C 3 -C 20 )alkyl, (C 3 -C 12 )cycloalkyl, (C 6 -C 12 )bicycloalkyl, (C 7 -C 14 )tricycloalkyl, (C 6 -C 10 )aryl, (C 6 -C 10 )aryl(C 1 -C 3 )alkyl, (C 1 -C 12 )alkoxy, (C 3 -C 12 )cycloalkoxy, (C 6 -C 12 )bicycloalkoxy, (C 7 -C 14 )tricycloalkoxy, (C 6 -C 10 )aryloxy(C 1 -C 3 )alkyl, (C 6 -C 10 )aryloxy, (C 6 -C 10 )thioaryl, (C 1 -C 6 )alkanoyl(C 6 -C 10 )thioaryl, (C 1 -C 6 )alkoxy(C 6 -C 10 )aroyl(C 1 -C 6 )alkyl and (C 6 -C 10 )thioaryl(C 6 -C 10 )diarylsulfonium salt; and

d) a photosensitizer selected from the group consisting of a compound of formula (VIII) and a compound of formula (IX);

wherein

R 44 , R 45 and R 46 are the same or different and independently of each other selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, halogen, hydroxy, NO 2 , NH 2 , methyl, ethyl, linear or branched (C 3 -C 12 )alkyl, (C 3 -C 12 )cycloalkyl, (C 6 -C 12 )bicycloalkyl, (C 7 -C 14 )tricycloalkyl, (C 6 -C 10 )aryl, (C 6 -C 10 )aryl(C 1 -C 3 )alkyl, (C 1 -C 12 )alkoxy, (C 3 -C 12 )cycloalkoxy, (C 6 -C 12 )bicycloalkoxy, (C 7 -C 14 )tricycloalkoxy, (C 6 -C 10 )aryloxy(C 1 -C 3 )alkyl, (C 6 -C 10 )aryloxy, C(O)(C 1 -C 6 )alkyl, COOH, C(O)O(C 1 -C 6 )alkyl, and SO 2 (C 6 -C 10 )aryl; and

R 47 and R 48 are the same or different and independently of each other selected from the group consisting of methyl, ethyl, linear or branched (C 3 -C 12 )alkyl, (C 3 -C 12 )cycloalkyl, (C 6 -C 12 )bicycloalkyl, (C 7 -C 14 )tricycloalkyl, (C 6 -C 10 )aryl and (C 6 -C 10 )aryl(C 1 -C 3 )alkyl.

17. The kit according to claim 16 , which contains at least two distinct first and second monomers of formula (V), wherein the first monomer is completely soluble in the second monomer, and when said composition is exposed to suitable actinic radiation for a sufficient length of time it forms a substantially transparent film having at least 90 percent of visible light transmission.

18. The kit according to claim 16 , which is selected from the group consisting of:

5-phenethylbicyclo[2.2.1]hept-2-ene, palladium (hexafluoroacetylacetonate) 2 tri-cyclohexylphosphine, tolylcumyliodonium-tetrakis pentafluorophenylborate and 2-isopropyl-9H-thioxanthen-9-one;

5-phenethylbicyclo[2.2.1]hept-2-ene, palladium (hexafluoroacetylacetonate) 2 tri-isopropylphosphine;

tolylcumyliodonium-tetrakis pentafluorophenylborate and 2-isopropyl-9H-thioxanthen-9-one;

5-phenethylbicyclo[2.2.1]hept-2-ene, Pd(acac) 2 PCy 3 ;

tolylcumyliodonium-tetrakis pentafluorophenylborate and 2-isopropyl-9H-thioxanthen-9-one; and

5-decylbicyclo[2.2.1]hept-2-ene, palladium (hexafluoroacetylacetonate) 2 tri-cyclohexylphosphine, iodonium, diphenyl-, 4,4′-di-(C 10 -C 13 )alkyl derivatives, tetrakis(2,3,4,5,6-pentafluorophenyl)borates and 2-isopropyl-9H-thioxanthen-9-one.

19. A film formed from the composition of claim 1 .

20. A composition comprising:

a) one or more monomers of formula (VA):

wherein:

m is an integer 0, 1 or 2;

at least one of R 13 , R 14 , R 15 and R 16 is O-Aryl;

and the remaining R 13 , R 14 , R 15 and R 16 are the same or different and each independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, halogen, a hydrocarbyl or halohydrocarbyl group selected from methyl, ethyl, linear or branched (C 3 -C 16 )alkyl, perfluoro(C 1 -C 12 )alkyl, (C 3 -C 12 )cycloalkyl, (C 6 -C 12 )bicycloalkyl, (C 7 -C 14 )tricycloalkyl, (C 6 -C 10 )aryl, (C 6 -C 10 )aryl(C 1 -C 6 )alkyl, perfluoro(C 6 -C 10 )aryl, perfluoro(C 6 -C 10 )aryl(C 1 -C 6 )alkyl, methoxy, ethoxy, linear or branched (C 3 -C 16 )alkoxy, perfluoro(C 1 -C 12 )alkoxy, (C 3 -C 12 )cycloalkoxy, (C 6 -C 12 )bicycloalkoxy, (C 7 -C 14 )tricycloalkoxy, (C 6 -C 10 )aryloxy, (C 6 -C 10 )aryl(C 1 -C 6 )alkoxy, perfluoro(C 6 -C 10 )aryloxy, perfluoro(C 6 -C 10 )aryl(C 1 -C 3 )alkoxy,

a group of formula (A1):

a group of formula (A2):

a group of formula (A3):

and

a group of formula (A4):

wherein:

Aryl is selected from the group consisting of substituted or unsubstituted phenyl, substituted or unsubstituted biphenyl and substituted or unsubstituted naphthyl, substituted or unsubstituted terphenyl, substituted or unsubstituted anthracenyl substituted or unsubstituted fluorenyl, wherein said substituents are selected from the group consisting of halogen, methyl, ethyl, linear or branched (C 3 -C 6 )alkyl, perfluoro(C 1 -C 12 )alkyl, (C 3 -C 12 )cycloalkyl, (C 6 -C 10 )aryl, (C 6 -C 10 )aryl(C 1 -C 6 )alkyl, perfluoro(C 6 -C 10 )aryl, perfluoro(C 6 -C 10 )aryl(C 1 -C 6 )alkyl, methoxy, ethoxy, linear or branched (C 3 -C 16 )alkoxy, perfluoro(C 1 -C 12 )alkoxy, (C 3 -C 12 )cycloalkoxy, (C 6 -C 10 )aryloxy, (C 6 -C 10 )aryl(C 1 -C 6 )alkoxy, perfluoro(C 6 -C 10 )aryloxy and perfluoro(C 6 -C 10 )aryl(C 1 -C 3 )alkoxy;

k is an integer from 1 to 12;

R 23 , R 24 and R 25 are the same or different and each independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, methyl, ethyl, linear or branched (C 3 -C 12 )alkyl, perfluoro(C 1 -C 12 )alkyl, methoxy, ethoxy, linear or branched (C 3 -C 12 )alkoxy, (C 3 -C 12 )cycloalkyl, (C 6 -C 12 )bicycloalkyl, (C 7 -C 14 )tricycloalkyl, (C 6 -C 10 )aryl, (C 6 -C 10 )aryl(C 1 -C 6 )alkyl, perfluoro(C 6 -C 10 )aryl and perfluoro(C 6 -C 10 )aryl(C 1 -C 6 )alkyl; or

R 23 and R 24 taken together with the intervening carbon atoms to which they are attached to form a substituted or unsubstituted (C 5 -C 14 )cyclic, (C 5 -C 14 )bicyclic or (C 5 -C 14 )tricyclic ring; and Arylene is substituted or unsubstituted bivalent (C 6 -C 14 )aryl;

or

one of R 13 and R 14 taken together with one of R 15 and R 16 and the carbon atoms to which they are attached to form a substituted or unsubstituted (C 5 -C 14 )cyclic, (C 5 -C 14 )bicyclic or (C 5 -C 14 )tricyclic ring;

b) one or more monomers of formula (VB):

wherein:

p is an integer 0, 1 or 2;

R 51 , R 52 , R 53 and R 54 are the same or different and each independently of one another is selected from hydrogen, linear or branched alkyl and fluoroalkyl having the formula C q H x F y , where q is an integer from 1 to 16, x and y are integers from 0 to 2q+1, and the sum of x and y is 2q+1, hydroxy(C 1 -C 16 )alkyl, (C 3 -C 12 )cycloalkyl, (C 6 -C 12 )bicycloalkyl, (C 7 -C 14 )tricycloalkyl, (C 6 -C 10 )aryl, (C 6 -C 10 )aryl(C 1 -C 3 )alkyl, perfluoro(C 6 -C 10 )aryl, perfluoro(C 6 -C 10 )aryl(C 1 -C 6 )alkyl, di(C 1 -C 2 )alkylmaleimide(C 3 -C 6 )alkyl, di(C 1 -C 2 )alkylmaleimide(C 2 -C 6 )alkoxy(C 1 -C 2 )alkyl, hydroxy, (C 1 -C 12 )alkoxy, (C 3 -C 12 )cycloalkoxy, (C 6 -C 12 )bicycloalkoxy, (C 7 -C 14 )tricycloalkoxy, (C 6 -C 10 )aryloxy(C 1 -C 3 )alkyl, (C 5 -C 10 )heteroaryloxy(C 1 -C 3 )alkyl, (C 6 -C 10 )aryloxy, (C 5 -C 10 )heteroaryloxy or (C 1 -C 6 )acyloxy;

c) an organopalladium compound selected from the group consisting of a compound of formula (I) and a compound of formula (IA):

wherein:

L is a ligand selected from the group consisting of P(R) 3 , P(OR) 3 , O═P(R) 3 , RCN and substituted or unsubstituted pyridines, where R is selected from the group consisting of linear or branched alkyl and fluoroalkyl having the formula C q H x F y , where q is an integer from 1 to 16, x and y are integers from 0 to 2q+1, and the sum of x and y is 2q+1, (C 3 -C 10 )cycloalkyl, (C 6 -C 10 )aryl(C 1 -C 16 )alkyl and substituted or unsubstituted (C 6 -C 10 )aryl;

R 3 , R 4 and R 6 are the same or different and each independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, linear or branched alkyl and fluoroalkyl having the formula C q H x F y , where q is an integer from 1 to 16, x and y are integers from 0 to 2q+1, and the sum of x and y is 2q+1, (C 3 -C 10 )cycloalkyl, (C 6 -C 10 )aryl(C 1 -C 16 )alkyl and substituted or unsubstituted (C 6 -C 10 )aryl;

each A independently is a bidentate monoanionic ligand of formula (II):

wherein:

n is an integer 0, 1 or 2;

X and Y are independently of each other selected from O, N and S;

R 1 , R 2 , R 3 , R 4 , R 5 , R 6 and R 7 are the same or different and each independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, linear or branched alkyl and fluoroalkyl having the formula C q H x F y , where q is an integer from 1 to 16, x and y are integers from 0 to 2q+1, and the sum of x and y is 2q+1, (C 3 -C 10 )cycloalkyl, (C 6 -C 10 )aryl(C 1 -C 16 )alkyl and substituted or unsubstituted (C 6 -C 10 )aryl; provided when either X or Y is O or S, R 1 and R 5 , respectively, do not exist;

d) a photoacid generator selected from the group consisting of:

a compound of formula (III):

a compound of formula (IV):

wherein:

a is an integer from 0 to 5;

An {circle around (−)} is selected from the group consisting of Cl {circle around (−)} , Br {circle around (−)} , I {circle around (−)} , BF 4 {circle around (−)} , tetrakis(pentafluorophenyl)borate, tetrakis(3,5-bis(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)borate, tetrakis(2-fluorophenyl)borate, tetrakis(3-fluorophenyl)borate, tetrakis(4-fluorophenyl)borate, tetrakis(3,5-difluorophenyl)borate, tetrakis(2,3,4,5-tetrafluorophenyl)borate, tetrakis(3,4,5,6-tetrafluorophenyl)borate, tetrakis(3,4,5-trifluorophenyl)borate, methyltris(perfluorophenyl)borate, ethyltris(perfluorophenyl)borate, phenyltris(perfluorophenyl)borate, tetrakis(1,2,2-trifluoroethylenyl)borate, tetrakis(4-tri-1-propylsilyltetrafluorophenyl)borate, tetrakis(4-dimethyl-tert-butylsilyltetrafluorophenyl)borate, (triphenylsiloxy)tris(pentafluorophenyl)borate, (octyloxy)tris(pentafluorophenyl)borate, tetrakis[3,5-bis[1-methoxy-2,2,2-trifluoro-1-(trifluoromethyl)ethyl]phenyl]borate, tetrakis[3-[1-methoxy-2,2,2-trifluoro-1-(trifluoromethyl)ethyl]-5-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]borate, and tetrakis[3-[2,2,2-trifluoro-1-(2,2,2-trifluoroethoxy)-1-(trifluoromethyl)-ethyl]-5-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]borate, PF 6 {circle around (−)} , SbF 6 {circle around (−)} , n-C 4 F 9 SO 3 {circle around (−)} , CF 3 SO 3 {circle around (−)} and p-CH 3 (C 6 H 4 )—SO 3 {circle around (−)} ;

R 8 , R 9 , R 10 , R 11 and R 12 are the same or different and each independently selected from the group consisting of halogen, methyl, ethyl, linear or branched (C 3 -C 20 )alkyl, (C 3 -C 12 )cycloalkyl, (C 6 -C 12 )bicycloalkyl, (C 7 -C 14 )tricycloalkyl, (C 6 -C 10 )aryl, (C 6 -C 10 )aryl(C 1 -C 3 )alkyl, (C 1 -C 12 )alkoxy, (C 3 -C 12 )cycloalkoxy, (C 6 -C 12 )bicycloalkoxy, (C 7 -C 14 )tricycloalkoxy, (C 6 -C 10 )aryloxy(C 1 -C 3 )alkyl, (C 6 -C 10 )aryloxy, (C 6 -C 10 )thioaryl, (C 1 -C 6 )alkanoyl(C 6 -C 10 )thioaryl, (C 1 -C 6 )alkoxy(C 6 -C 10 )aroyl(C 1 -C 6 )alkyl and (C 6 -C 10 )thioaryl-(C 6 -C 10 )diarylsulfonium salt; and

e) a photosensitizer selected from the group consisting of a compound of formula (VIII) and a compound of formula (IX):

wherein

R 44 , R 45 and R 46 are the same or different and independently of each other selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, halogen, hydroxy, NO 2 , NH 2 , methyl, ethyl, linear or branched (C 3 -C 12 )alkyl, (C 3 -C 12 )cycloalkyl, (C 6 -C 12 )bicycloalkyl, (C 7 -C 14 )tricycloalkyl, (C 6 -C 10 )aryl, (C 6 -C 10 )aryl(C 1 -C 3 )alkyl, (C 1 -C 12 )alkoxy, (C 3 -C 12 )cycloalkyoxy, (C 6 -C 12 )bicycloalkoxy, (C 7 -C 14 )tricycloalkoxy, (C 6 -C 10 )aryloxy(C 1 -C 3 )alkyl, (C 6 -C 10 )aryloxy, C(O)(C 1 -C 6 )alkyl, COOH, C(O)O(C 1 -C 6 )alkyl, and SO 2 (C 6 -C 10 )aryl; and

R 47 and R 48 are the same or different and independently of each other selected from the group consisting of methyl, ethyl, linear or branched (C 3 -C 12 )alkyl, (C 3 -C 12 )cycloalkyl, (C 6 -C 12 )bicycloalkyl, (C 7 -C 14 )tricycloalkyl, (C 6 -C 10 )aryl and (C 6 -C 10 )aryl(C 1 -C 3 )alkyl.