Stimuli-responsive surfaces
A stimuli-responsive surface ( 3 ) comprising a substrate ( 20 ) on which is located a switchable molecule ( 2 ) which has a functional moiety ( 22 ) associated therewith, wherein the switchable molecule ( 2 ) has a first equilibrium state ( 2 A) in which access to the functional moiety ( 22 ) is inhibited and a second stimulated state ( 2 B), in which access to the functional moiety ( 22 ) is permitted.
1. A stimuli-responsive surface comprising a substrate on which is located plural switchable molecules which have a functional moiety associated therewith, wherein each of the switchable molecules comprises an anchoring moiety which anchors each of the switchable molecules to the substrate and the functional moiety comprises a connecting group which anchors the functional moiety to the substrate, wherein the plural switchable molecules and functional moiety are independently located on the substrate and wherein the substrate is electrically conductive or comprises an electrically conductive layer, such that each of the switchable molecules is configured to have a first equilibrium state in which access to the functional moiety is inhibited and a second stimulated state, in which access to the functional moiety is permitted by a conformational change in each of the switchable molecules upon application of an electrical potential to the substate, thereby exposing a bioactive molecular moiety of the functional moiety capable of binding an analyte.
2. A stimuli-responsive surface according to claim 1 , wherein the substrate comprises a layer comprising a conductive ceramic layer.
3. A stimuli-responsive surface according to claim 1 , wherein each of the switchable molecules comprises a shielding portion, the shielding portion being configured upon application of a stimulus to cause each of the switchable molecules to transition from the first equilibrium state to the second stimulated state.
4. A stimuli-responsive surface according to claim 3 , wherein the shielding portion comprises at least one peptides associated with the functional moiety.
5. A stimuli-responsive surface according to claim 4 , wherein the at least one peptide comprises one or more of lysines, aspartic acids, arginine, histidine or glutamic acid.
6. A stimuli-responsive surface according to claim 4 , wherein each of the switchable molecules comprises a first peptide segment which provides a connecting portion and a second peptide segment which provides the shielding portion.
7. A stimuli-responsive surface according to claim 6 , wherein the first peptide segment comprises or is a cyclic peptide.
8. A stimuli-responsive surface according to claim 7 , wherein the second peptide segment is an arm or a side chain of or from the first peptide segment.
9. A stimuli-responsive surface according to claim 7 , further comprising a third peptide segment which is an arm or a side chain of or from the first peptide segment.
10. A stimuli-responsive surface according to claim 9 , wherein at least one of the second peptide segment and the third peptide segment comprise lysines, aspartic acids, arginine, histidine or glutamic acid.
11. A stimuli-responsive surface according to claim 1 , wherein the functional moiety is selected from the group consisting of a single-domain antibody, a protein, a hormone, and a vitamin or another type of biomolecule or a small molecule.
12. A stimuli-responsive surface according to claim 1 , wherein the anchoring moiety or an anchoring moiety group is selected from a thiol group to enable each of the switchable molecules to be anchored to a gold conductive layer or gold substrate or a silane group to enable each of the switchable molecules to be anchored to an ITO or a glass surface, to form a siloxane (Si—O) bond.
13. A stimuli-responsive surface according to claim 1 , further comprising lateral spacer molecules.
14. A method of fabricating a stimuli-responsive surface, the method comprising step a) locating a functional moiety on an electrically conductive substrate with a connecting moiety, and step b) locating plural stimuli-responsive switchable molecules on the electrically conductive substrate with an anchoring group, the plural stimuli-responsive switchable molecules and the functional moiety being independently located on the electrically conductive substrate, the plural stimuli-responsive switchable molecules comprising at least one peptide and being configured to undergo a conformational change when an electrical potential is applied to the electrically conductive substrate to expose a bioactive molecular moiety of the functional moiety capable of binding an analyte.
15. A method for detecting an analyte, the method comprising applying an electrical potential across an electrically conductive surface to initiate a conformational change in plural switchable molecules from a first equilibrium state to a second active state thereby exposing a bioactive molecular moiety of a functional moiety capable of binding an analyte, the plural switchable molecules comprising at least one peptide and being located on and anchored to the electrically conductive surface by an anchoring moiety, the functional moiety being anchored to the electrically conductive surface by a connecting group, wherein the functional moiety is associated with the plural switchable molecules; wherein the plural switchable molecules and the functional moiety are independently located on a substrate.
16. A biosensor, the biosensor comprising a stimuli-responsive surface according to claim 1 , and wherein the biosensor comprises means to apply an electric potential to the stimuli-responsive surface whereby each of the switchable molecules is able to transition from the first equilibrium state to the second stimulated state.