Pre-lithiated silicon particles and methods of forming the same
The present disclosure provides a method of making a negative electrode material for an electrochemical cell that cycles lithium ions. The method includes centrifugally distributing a precursor including silicon, lithium, and an additional metal (M) selected from the group consisting of: aluminum (Al), chromium (Cr), titanium (Ti), niobium (Nb), molybdenum (Mo), zirconium (Zr), yttrium (Y), cerium (Ce), and combinations thereof by contacting the precursor with a rotating surface in a centrifugal atomizing reactor and solidifying the precursor to form a plurality of substantially round solid electroactive particles that include Li 4.4x Si x M y , where x is greater than 0 to less than or equal to about 0.85 and y corresponds to a weight percent of M that is greater than or equal to 0.1 wt. % to less than or equal to about 10 wt. %.
1. A method of making a negative electrode material for an electrochemical cell that cycles lithium ions, the method comprising:
contacting a precursor comprising silicon, lithium, and a metal (M) selected from the group consisting of: aluminum (Al), chromium (Cr), titanium (Ti), niobium (Nb), molybdenum (Mo), zirconium (Zr), yttrium (Y), cerium (Ce), and combinations thereof with a rotating surface in a centrifugal atomizing reactor and solidifying the precursor to form a plurality of substantially round solid electroactive particles comprising Li 4.4x Si x M y , where x is greater than 0 to less than or equal to about 0.85 and y corresponds to a weight percent of M that is greater than or equal to 0.1 wt. % to less than or equal to about 10 wt. %.
2. The method of claim 1 , wherein the rotating surface comprises one or more metal coatings, wherein each metal coating comprises one or more of gold (Au), aluminum (Al), and silver (Ag) and has a thickness greater than or equal to about 0.01 μm to less than or equal to about 0.1 μm.
3. The method of claim 1 , wherein the metal (M) forms a passivation coating on exposed surfaces of each of the substantially round solid electroactive particles of the plurality of substantially round solid electroactive particles when exposed to oxygen or nitrogen.
4. The method of claim 3 , wherein the method further comprises:
passivating the metal (M) comprises exposing the plurality of substantially round solid electroactive particles to oxygen or nitrogen.
5. The method of claim 1 , wherein a temperature in the centrifugal atomizing reactor is greater than or equal to 400° C. to less than or equal to 1,000° C. during the contacting.
6. The method of claim 1 , wherein an environment in the centrifugal atomizing reactor has less than or equal to about 0.5% by weight of any oxygen-bearing species.
7. The method of claim 1 , wherein a flow rate of the centrifugal atomizing reactor is greater than or equal to 50 kg/hour to less than or equal to about 500 kg/hour.
8. The method of claim 1 , wherein an average D50 diameter of the plurality of substantially round solid electroactive particles is greater than or equal to about 1 μm to less than or equal to about 20 μm and the plurality of substantially round solid electroactive particles has a polydispersity index of less than or equal to about 1.2.
9. The method of claim 1 , wherein the method further comprises:
preparing the precursor, wherein preparing the precursor comprises:
forming an admixture by contacting a first material comprising lithium having a first temperature and a second material comprising silicon having a second temperature in a mixing chamber to form the first admixture, wherein the first material and the second material each enters the mixing chamber at a pressure greater than or equal to about 10 PSI and the second temperature is greater than the first temperature.
10. The method of claim 9 , wherein the first temperature is at or greater than a melting point temperature of lithium, and the second temperature is at or greater than a melting point temperature of silicon.
11. The method of claim 9 , wherein the contacting occurs by introducing lithium from a lithium source to the mixing chamber using a first supply line and introducing silicon from a silicon source to the mixing chamber using a second supply line, and
wherein the first supply line comprises a first metering pump and the second supply line comprises a second metering pump, the first metering pump controls the pressure and rate at which the lithium enters the mixing chamber, and the second metering pump controls the pressure and rate at which the silicon enters the mixing chamber.
12. The method of claim 11 , wherein the method further comprises:
removing the admixture from the mixing chamber, adding the metal (M) to the admixture, and heating the admixture and metal (M) to form the precursor.
13. A method of making a negative electrode material for an electrochemical cell that cycles lithium ions, the method comprising:
contacting a first material comprising lithium and having a first temperature and a second material comprising silicon and having a second temperature in a mixing chamber to form a precursor, wherein the first material and the second material each enters the mixing chamber at a pressure greater than or equal to about 10 PSI and the first temperature is at or greater than a melting point temperature of lithium and the second temperature is at or greater than a melting point temperature of silicon;
adding a metal (M) selected from the group consisting of: aluminum (Al), chromium (Cr), titanium (Ti), niobium (Nb), molybdenum (Mo), zirconium (Zr), yttrium (Y), cerium (Ce), and combinations to the precursor and heating the precursor and the metal (M) to form a molten precursor; and
centrifugally distributing the molten precursor by contacting the molten precursor with a rotating surface in a centrifugal atomizing reactor and solidifying the molten precursor to form a plurality of substantially round solid electroactive particles comprising Li 4.4x Si x M y , where x is greater than 0 to less than or equal to about 0.85 and y corresponds to a weight percent of M that is greater than or equal to 0.1 wt. % to less than or equal to about 10 wt. % and having an average D50 diameter of less than or equal to about 20 micrometers.
14. The method of claim 13 , wherein the rotating surface comprises one or more metal coatings, wherein each metal coating comprises one or more of gold (Au), aluminum (Al), and silver (Ag) and each metal coating has a thickness greater than or equal to about 0.01 μm to less than or equal to about 0.1 μm.
15. The method of claim 13 , wherein the metal (M) forms a passivation coating on exposed surfaces of each of the substantially round solid electroactive particles of the plurality of substantially round solid electroactive particles when exposed to oxygen or nitrogen.
16. The method of claim 13 , wherein passivating the metal (M) comprises exposing the plurality of substantially round solid electroactive particles to oxygen or nitrogen.
17. The method of claim 13 , wherein the contacting occurs by introducing lithium from a lithium source to the mixing chamber using a first supply line and introducing silicon from a silicon source to the mixing chamber using a second supply line, and the method further comprises removing the precursor from the mixing chamber.