Far superior oxidation catalysts based on macrocyclic compounds
An especially robust compound and its derivative metal complexes that are approximately one hundred-fold superior in catalytic performance to the previously invented TAML analogs is provided having the formula (I) wherein Y 1 , Y 2 , Y 3 and Y 4 are oxidation resistant groups which are the same or different and which form 5- or 6-membered rings with a metal, M, when bound to D; at least one Y incorporates a group that is significantly more stable towards nucleophilic attack than the organic amides of TAML activators; D is a metal complexing donor atom, preferably N; each X is a position for addition of a labile Lewis acidic substituent such as (i) H, deuterium, (ii) Li, Na, K, alkali metals, (iii) alkaline earth metals, transition metals, rare earth metals, which may be bound to one or more than one D, (iv) or is unoccupied with the resulting negative charge being balanced by a nonbonded counter-action; at least one Y may contain a site that is labile to acid dissociation, providing a mechanism for shortening complex lifetime. The new complexes deliver catalytic performances that promise to revolutionize multiple oxidation technology spaces including water purification.
1. A complex of the formula:
wherein:
M is a metal;
D is Nitrogen;
each of Y 1 , Y 2 , Y 3 and Y 4 individually form a 5-membered or 6-membered ring with the metal and two adjacent Ds, and each of Y 1 , Y 2 , Y 3 and Y 4 individually is selected from the group consisting of:
wherein
indicates a bond to one D;
each E individually comprises a group of atoms comprising an in-ring atom forming a portion of a respective 5-membered or 6-membered ring, the in-ring atom selected from the group consisting of sulfur, phosphorous, and carbon;
at least one E in Y 1 , Y 2 , Y 3 , Y 4 , or a combination thereof is more resistant to nucleophilic attack than C═O and C═NR′, wherein the at least one E that is more resistant to nucleophilic attack than C═O and C═NR′ comprises an in-ring atom that is either sulfur or phosphorous and the at least one E that is more resistant to nucleophilic attack than C═O and C═NR′ is directly attached to one D;
when the in-ring atom of E is sulfur, E is selected from the group consisting of S(═O) 2 , S(═O)R′ 2 , S(═O), S(═NR′) 2 , S(═NR′)R′ 2 , and S(═NR′);
when the in-ring atom of E is phosphorous, E is selected from the group consisting of P(═NR′)R′, P(═O)R′, and P(R′) 3 ;
when the in-ring atom of E is carbon, E is selected from the group consisting of C═O and C═NR′;
each Z is individually selected from the group consisting of oxygen, sulfur, nitrogen, phosphorous, and arsenic;
each of R′, R′ 1 , and R′ 2 is individually selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, deuterium, oxygen, a hydroxyl, a halogen, a nitrogen-containing group, a carbon-containing group, lithium, sodium, potassium, and combinations thereof;
each of R 1 and R 2 is independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, deuterium, alkyl, aryl, CF 3 , halogen, perhaloalkyl, and combination thereof;
each of R 5 , R 6 , R 7 , and R 8 is independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, deuterium, an alkyl, an alkenyl, an alkynyl, an aryl, an alkoxy, a phenoxy, an oxylic, a phenyl, a halogen, a halogenated alkyl, a perhaloalkyl, a halogenated aryl, a perhaloaryl, a halogenated alkenyl, a halogenated alkynyl, an alkylaryl, CF 3 , CH 2 CF 3 , a cycloalkyl ring, a cycloalkenyl ring, a heterocyclic ring, a carboxyl, a fully oxidized or partially oxidized carboxylic acid derivative, a sulfur substituent, a fully oxidized or partially oxidized phosphorus substituent, and combinations thereof;
each G individually comprises a substituent selected from the group consisting of a halogen, a hydrogen, a fully oxidized or partially oxidized sulfur substituent, a fully oxidized or partially oxidized phosphorus substituent, an amino, an amido, a methyl, a haloalkyl, a nitrile, a nitro, a carboxylate, and combinations thereof; and
L 1 and L 2 are optional ligands.
2. The complex of claim 1 , wherein M is a transition metal.
3. The complex of claim 1 , wherein M is iron or manganese.
4. The complex of claim 1 , wherein at least one R 1 and R 2 pair form a ring with the carbon atom to which the R 1 and R 2 pair is bound.
5. The complex of claim 4 , wherein the ring is substituted or unsubstituted and comprises three members, four members, five members, or six members.
6. The complex of claim 1 , wherein at least one of R 1 , R 2 , or a combination thereof, form a ring together with at least one R substituent on an adjacent carbon atom, E, or Z in the same one of Y 1 , Y 2 , Y 3 , or Y 4 .
7. The complex of claim 6 , wherein the ring is unsubstituted, unsaturated, and mono-substituted or poly-substituted.
8. The complex of claim 1 , wherein at least one of R′, R′ 1 , R′ 2 , or a combination thereof, comprises a carbon-containing group selected from the group consisting of alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, aryl, alkoxy, phenoxy, halogenated alkyl, halogenated aryl, halogenated alkenyl, halogenated alkynyl, perhaloalkyl, perhaloaryl, a cycloalkyl ring, a cycloalkenyl ring, and a heterocyclic ring containing oxygen, nitrogen, or a combination thereof.
9. The complex of claim 1 , wherein each of R′, R′ 1 , and R′ 2 is individually selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, deuterium, oxygen, hydroxyl, halogen, a nitrogen-containing group, and a carbon-containing group.
10. The complex of claim 1 , wherein
(i) at least one of R 5 , R 6 , R 7 , R 8 , or a combination thereof, together with at least one R substituent on an adjacent carbon atom in the same one of Y 1 , Y 2 , Y 3 , or Y 4 , together with an R′ substituent on an adjacent Z in the same one of Y 1 , Y 2 , Y 3 , or Y 4 , or together with a substituent on an adjacent E in the same one of Y 1 , Y 2 , Y 3 , or Y 4 form a ring;
(ii) at least one pair selected from the group consisting of a R 5 and R 6 pair and a R 7 and R 8 pair, forms a cycloalkyl or cycloalkenyl ring;
(iii) at least one pair selected from the group consisting of a R 5 and R 6 pair and a R 7 and R 8 pair, together with at least one R substituent on an adjacent carbon atom in the same one of Y 1 , Y 2 , Y 3 , or Y 4 , together with an R′ substituent on an adjacent Z in the same one of Y 1 , Y 2 , Y 3 , or Y 4 , or together with a substituent on an adjacent E in the same one of Y 1 , Y 2 , Y 3 , or Y 4 form a ring; or
a combination of (i), (ii), and (iii).
11. The complex of claim 10 , wherein at least one ring is unsubstituted, mono-substituted, or poly-substituted and wherein at least one ring is saturated or unsaturated.
12. The complex of claim 1 , wherein at least one of R 1 , R 2 , or a combination thereof in at least one of Y 1 , Y 2 , Y 3 , or Y 4 is hydrogen or deuterium.
13. The complex of claim 1 , wherein Z is nitrogen.
14. The compound of claim 1 , wherein M is iron or manganese and Z is nitrogen.
15. The complex of claim 1 , wherein each of Y 1 , Y 2 , Y 3 , and Y 4 , individually is selected from the group consisting of:
16. The complex of claim 1 , wherein each of Y 1 , Y 2 , Y 3 , and Y 4 , individually is selected from the group consisting of:
17. The complex of claim 1 , wherein at least one of Y 1 , Y 2 , Y 3 , Y 4 , or a combination thereof, individually is selected from the group consisting of:
18. The complex of claim 1 , wherein when the in-ring atom of E is sulfur, E is selected from the group consisting of S(═O) 2 , and S(═O).
19. The complex of claim 1 , wherein when the in-ring atom of E is phosphorous, E is selected from the group consisting of P(═O)R′ and P(R′) 3 .
20. The complex of claim 1 , wherein
M is a transition metal;
Z is nitrogen;
when the in-ring atom of E is sulfur, E is selected from the group consisting of S(═O) 2 , and S(═O); and
when the in-ring atom of E is phosphorous, E is selected from the group consisting of P(═O)R′ and P(R′) 3 .
21. The complex of claim 1 , wherein every D is directly attached to at least one E.
22. The complex of claim 1 , wherein at least D is attached to an R substituent.
23. A process comprising:
performing a catalytic oxidation reaction upon a target utilizing the complex recited in claim 1 in the presence of an oxidant.
24. The process of claim 23 wherein the oxidant is selected from the group consisting of halogen, halogen oxide, halogenoxoanion, elemental halogen, a peroxy compound, hydrogen peroxide, oxygen, air, ozone, oxygen in the presence of an adjunct and combinations thereof, an electrode with or without a mediating compound that is regenerated by an electrode; elemental chlorine, chlorine oxide, chlorine oxoanion, chlorine dioxide, hypochlorite, acidic species thereof and combinations thereof.