Chemical derivatives and methods for synthesizing and compounding chemical derivatives related to capsaicin palmitate and capsaicin prodrugs
Capsaicin compositions and methods for enhancing hydrophobicity of a molecule useful for pharmaceutical applications, including: (1) a prodrug using a linker such as a carbamate between capsaicin with other structures in order to optimize kinetic control of capsaicin cleavage; (2) a prodrug using a linker such as an unsaturated carboxylic ester between capsaicin with other structures in order to optimize kinetic control of capsaicin cleavage; (3) esters of long-chain fatty acids and capsaicin where hydroxyl groups provide handles for attachment of additional capsaicin molecules; and (4) the use of carboxylic acid diesters to increase overall hydrophobicity of two or more covalently-linked capsaicin molecules. Formulations of palmitated esters of capsaicin are also described, which are designed to enhance hydrophobicity of a molecule useful for pharmaceutical applications, for example to provide compounded mixtures designed to optimize analgesic efficacy.
1. A prodrug having a structure of formula (I), (II), (III), (IV), (V), (VI), (VII), (VII-A), (X), (XI) or (XII):
(a)
wherein:
Cpsn represents a capsaicinoid,
X is CH or N,
R is H or C(O)R′ where R′ is a C 1-20 hydrocarbon,
when X is CH, m is 1 to 3, and n is 0 to 2,
when X is N, m is 2, and n is 2, and
the capsaicinoid is joined at a free phenolic hydroxyl group via the carbamate-containing linkage of formula (I);
(b)
wherein:
Cpsn represents a capsaicinoid,
X is CH or N,
m is 1 to 3,
n is 0 to 2,
when X is CH,
m is 1 to 3,
n is 0, and
R is OH or OR′ where R′ is a C 1-20 hydrocarbon, a molecule with analgesic properties, or a molecule with pharmacological properties,
when X is N, and n is 0,
m is 2, and
R is a C 1-20 hydrocarbon,
when X is N, and n is 1 or 2,
m is 2, and
R is OH or OR′ where R′ is a C 1-20 hydrocarbon, a molecule with analgesic properties, or a molecule with pharmacological properties, and
the capsaicinoid is joined at a free phenolic hydroxyl group via the carbamate-containing linkage of formula (II);
(c)
wherein:
Cpsn represents a capsaicinoid,
X is CH,
R is H or C(O)R′ where R′ is a C 1-20 hydrocarbon,
m is 1 to 2,
n is 1 to 2, and
the capsaicinoid is joined at a free phenolic hydroxyl group via the carbamate-containing linkage of formula (III);
(d)
wherein:
Cpsn represents a capsaicinoid,
X is CH,
R is H or C(O)R′ where R′ is a C 1-20 hydrocarbon,
m is 0 to 2, and
the capsaicinoid is joined at a free phenolic hydroxyl group via the carbamate-containing linkage of formula (IV);
(e)
wherein:
Cpsn represents a capsaicinoid,
X is CH,
R is H, a C 1-20 hydrocarbon, a molecule with analgesic properties, or a molecule with pharmacological properties,
m is 1 to 2, and
the capsaicinoid is joined at a free phenolic hydroxyl group via the carbamate-containing linkage of formula (V);
(f)
wherein:
Cpsn represents a capsaicinoid,
X is CH,
R is H, a C 1-20 hydrocarbon, a molecule with analgesic properties, or a molecule with pharmacological properties,
m is 1 to 2, and
the capsaicinoid is joined at a free phenolic hydroxyl group via the carbamate-containing linkage of formula (VI);
(g)
wherein:
Cpsn represents a capsaicinoid,
X is an -sp 3 - or -sp 2 -hybridized carbon (C),
m is 1 to 2,
n is 1 to 2,
each Y is F, or both Y together represent ═O, and
the capsaicinoid is joined at a free phenolic hydroxyl group via the carbamate-containing linkage of formula (VII);
(h)
wherein:
Cpsn represents a capsaicinoid,
n is 1 to 2,
m is 1 to 2, and
the capsaicinoid is joined at a free phenolic hydroxyl group via the carbamate-containing linkage of formula (VII-A);
(i)
wherein:
Cpsn represents a capsaicinoid,
X, Y, and Z are C, or two of X, Y, and Z are N and the remaining one of X, Y, Z is CH; and
the capsaicinoid is joined a free phenolic hydroxyl group via the carbamate-containing linkage of formula (X);
(j)
wherein
Cpsn represents a capsaicinoid;
n is 0 to 2;
R is H or C(O)R′ where R′ is a C 1-20 hydrocarbon; and
the capsaicinoid is joined at a free phenolic hydroxyl group via the carbamate-containing linkage of formula (XI); or
(k)
wherein:
Cpsn represents a capsaicinoid;
R is OH or OR′ where R′ is a C 1-20 hydrocarbon, a molecule with analgesic properties, or a molecule with pharmacological properties; and
the capsaicinoid is joined at a free phenolic hydroxyl group via the carbamate-containing linkage of formula (XII).
2. The prodrug of claim 1 having the structure of formula (I):
wherein:
Cpsn represents the capsaicinoid;
X is CH or N;
R is H or C(O)R′ where R′ is a C 1-20 hydrocarbon;
when X is CH, m is 1 to 3, and n is 0 to 2;
when X is N, m is 2, and n is 2; and
the capsaicinoid is joined at the free phenolic hydroxyl group via the carbamate-containing linkage of formula (I).
3. The prodrug of claim 1 having the structure of formula (II):
wherein
Cpsn represents the capsaicinoid;
X is CH or N;
m is 1 to 3;
n is 0 to 2;
when X is CH,
m is 1 to 3,
n is 0, and
R is OH or OR′ where R′ is a C 1-20 hydrocarbon, a molecule with analgesic properties, or a molecule with pharmacological properties;
when X is N, and n is 0,
m is 2, and
R is a C 1-20 hydrocarbon;
when X is N, and n is 1 or 2,
m is 2, and
R is OH or OR′ where R′ is a C 1-20 hydrocarbon, a molecule with analgesic properties, or a molecule with pharmacological properties; and
the capsaicinoid is joined at the free phenolic hydroxyl group via the carbamate-containing linkage of formula (II).
4. The prodrug of claim 1 having the structure of formula (III):
wherein:
Cpsn represents the capsaicinoid;
X is CH;
R is H or C(O)R′ where R′ is a C 1-20 hydrocarbon;
m is 1 to 2;
n is 1 to 2; and
the capsaicinoid is joined at the free phenolic hydroxyl group via the carbamate-containing linkage of formula (III).
5. The prodrug of claim 1 having the structure of formula (IV):
wherein:
Cpsn represents the capsaicinoid;
X is CH;
R is H or C(O)R′ where R′ is a C 1-20 hydrocarbon;
m is 0 to 2; and
the capsaicinoid is joined at the free phenolic hydroxyl group via the carbamate-containing linkage of formula (IV).
6. The prodrug of claim 1 having the structure of formula (V):
wherein:
Cpsn represents the capsaicinoid;
X is CH;
R is H, a C 1-20 hydrocarbon, a molecule with analgesic properties, or a molecule with pharmacological properties;
m is 1 to 2; and
the capsaicinoid is joined at the free phenolic hydroxyl group via the carbamate-containing linkage of formula (V).
7. The prodrug of claim 1 having the structure of formula (VI):
wherein:
Cpsn represents the capsaicinoid;
X is CH;
R is H, a C 1-20 hydrocarbon, a molecule with analgesic properties, or a molecule with pharmacological properties;
m is 1 to 2; and
the capsaicinoid is joined at the free phenolic hydroxyl group via the carbamate-containing linkage of formula (VI).
8. The prodrug of claim 1 having the structure of formula (VII):
wherein:
Cpsn represents the capsaicinoid;
X is an -sp 3 - or -sp 2 -hybridized carbon (C);
m is 1 to 2;
n is 1 to 2;
each Y is F, or both Y together represent ═O; and
the capsaicinoid is joined at the free phenolic hydroxyl group via the carbamate-containing linkage of formula (VII).
9. The prodrug of claim 1 having the structure of formula (X):
wherein:
Cpsn represents the capsaicinoid;
X, Y, and Z are CH, or two of X, Y, and Z are N and the remaining one of X, Y, and Z is CH; and
the capsaicinoid is joined at the free phenolic hydroxyl group via the carbamate-containing linkage of formula (X).
10. The prodrug of claim 1 having the structure of formula (VII-A):
wherein:
Cpsn represents the capsaicinoid;
n is 1 to 2;
m is 1 to 2; and
the capsaicinoid is joined at the free phenolic hydroxyl group via the carbamate-containing linkage of formula (VII-A).
11. A composition, comprising a prodrug of claim 1 and an inactive ingredient.
12. The composition of claim 11 , wherein the inactive ingredient is at least one selected from the group consisting of water, an oil, a surfactant, an emulsifier, a stabilizer, a chelator, a preservative, and a pH-adjusting agent.
13. The prodrug of claim 1 having the structure of formula (XI):
wherein:
Cpsn represents a capsaicinoid;
n is 0 to 2;
R is H or C(O)R′ where R′ is a C 1-20 hydrocarbon; and
the capsaicinoid is joined at the free phenolic hydroxyl group via the carbamate-containing linkage of formula (XI).
14. The prodrug of claim 1 having the structure of formula (XII):
wherein:
Cpsn represents a capsaicinoid;
R is OH or OR′ where R′ is a C 1-20 hydrocarbon, a molecule with analgesic properties, or a molecule with pharmacological properties; and
the capsaicinoid is joined at the free phenolic hydroxyl group via the carbamate-containing linkage of formula (XII).