System and method for en masse patterning of molecule structures
Devices, systems, and methods for en masse patterning of nucleic acid molecule structures are disclosed. The devices can include microchannels and nanoslits. The microchannels and nanoslits can be connected by parking chambers. The systems and methods can utilize the geometry of the devices in coordination with a voltage application routine to park nucleic acid molecules in the parking chambers and subsequently inject the nucleic acid molecules into the nanoslits. The methods can be utilized to present nucleic acid molecules in a fashion suitable for genomic analysis. The methods can also be utilized to provide size selection of the nucleic acid molecules.
1. A method of loading a plurality of nanoslits with at least a portion of a plurality of molecules or particles of interest, the method comprising:
a) introducing the plurality of molecules or particles of interest into a microchannel in communication with a plurality of parking chambers, the microchannel and the plurality of parking chambers each containing an ionic buffer having an ionic strength;
b) applying, for a first time interval, a first voltage greater than a first voltage threshold and less than a second voltage threshold, thereby causing at least a portion of the plurality of parking chambers to be occupied by one and only one molecule or particle of interest,
wherein the first voltage is selected to provide conditions where motion of molecules moving from the microchannel into the portion of the plurality of parking chambers is at least partially aligned with a direction of electroosmotic forces.
2. The method of claim 1 , wherein the first voltage is selected to provide conditions where the electroosmotic force contributes to at least 50% of motion of the molecules.
3. The method of claim 1 , the method further comprising:
optically interrogating at least a portion of the plurality of molecules or particles of interest.
4. The method of claim 1 , wherein the molecules or particles of interest are nucleic acid molecules.
5. The method of claim 1 , wherein each of the plurality of parking chambers has a parking chamber volume of between 1 nm 3 and 1 mm 3 .
6. The method of claim 1 , wherein the plurality of parking chambers are each configured to be occupied by an integer number of molecules or particles of interest and to exclude additional molecules or particles of interest from entry.
7. The method of claim 1 , wherein each of the plurality of parking chambers has a parking chamber height of between 1% and 125% of a microchannel height of the microchannel.
8. The method of claim 1 , wherein each of the plurality of parking chambers has a parking chamber height of between 10 nm and 10 mm.
9. A system comprising:
a microfluidic device configured for isolating a plurality of molecules or particles of interest, the microfluidic device including a microchannel in communication with a plurality of parking chambers and optionally a plurality of nanoslits, each of the plurality of nanoslits optionally connected to an associated parking chamber of the plurality of parking chambers, each of the plurality of parking chambers optionally connected to an associated nanoslit of the plurality of nanoslits;
at least two electrodes, wherein the at least two electrodes are positioned relative to the microfluidic device such that applying a voltage to the at least two electrodes provides at least a portion of the voltage across the plurality of parking chambers;
a power supply in electronic communication with the at least two electrodes; and
a power supply controller configured to execute a power supply routine, wherein the power supply routine is configured to do one or more of the following:
to apply a first voltage for a first time interval, wherein the first voltage and the first time interval are configured to cause at least a portion of the plurality of parking chambers to be occupied by one and only one molecule or particle of interest,
wherein the power supply routine is configured to selectively load the at least a portion of the plurality of parking chambers with one and only one of the plurality of molecules or particles of interest under conditions where motion of the selectively loaded molecules or particles of interest is at least partially aligned with the direction of electroosmotic forces, the power supply routine utilizing (a) the geometry of the microfluidic device relative to the at least two electrodes, (b) the ionic strength of the ionic buffer within the microfluidic device, and (c) the electrostatic or hydrodynamic properties of the microfluidic device and the electrostatic or hydrodynamic properties of the plurality of molecules or particles of interest.
10. The system of claim 9 , the system further comprising a heater or a cooler configured to heat or cool liquid within the microfluidic device.
11. The system of claim 9 , the system further comprising a temperature measurement device configured to measure a temperature of fluid within the microfluidic device.
12. The system of claim 9 , the system further comprising a spectrometer configured to optically interrogate molecules or particles of interest located in the microfluidic device.
13. The system of claim 12 , wherein the spectrometer has sufficient spatial resolution to distinguish between molecules or particles of interest loaded in adjacent parking chambers.
14. The system of claim 12 , wherein the spectrometer is configured to monitor an occupancy status of one or more of the plurality of parking chambers.
15. The system of claim 12 , wherein the spectrometer is a fluorescence microscope.
16. The system of claim 9 , wherein the power supply controller is programmed with or configured to receive the electrostatic or hydrodynamic information of the plurality of molecules or particles of interest, the electrostatic or hydrodynamic information of the microfluidic device, buffer ionic strength information regarding the ionic buffer within the microfluidic device, or a combination thereof.
17. The system of claim 9 , wherein each of the plurality of parking chambers has a parking chamber height that is between 1% and 125% of a microchannel height of the microchannel.
18. The system of claim 9 , wherein the first voltage is selected to provide conditions where the electroosmotic force contributes to at least 50% of the motion of the selectively loaded molecules or particles of interest.
19. The system of claim 9 , wherein the plurality of parking chambers includes at least 100 parking chambers.
20. A microfluidic device comprising:
a primary microchannel defined by primary microchannel walls having a primary distal microchannel surface with a first primary distal microchannel opening, the primary microchannel having a primary microchannel height;
a secondary microchannel defined by secondary microchannel walls having a secondary proximal microchannel surface with a first secondary proximal microchannel opening, the secondary microchannel having a secondary microchannel height;
a first primary nanoslit having a first primary nanoslit height, a first primary nanoslit width, and a first primary nanoslit length;
a first primary proximal parking chamber having a first primary proximal parking chamber height, a first primary proximal parking chamber width, and a first primary proximal parking chamber length, the first primary nanoslit connected to the first primary proximal parking chamber, the first primary proximal parking chamber connected to the primary microchannel via the first primary distal microchannel opening, the first primary nanoslit in fluid communication with the secondary microchannel via the first secondary proximal microchannel opening; and
a power supply controller configured to execute a power supply routine to apply a first voltage for a first time interval, wherein the first voltage and the first time interval are configured to cause at least a portion of the plurality of parking chambers to be occupied by one and only one molecule or particle of interest.