Fuel cell system including air inlet baffle and method of operating thereof
A fuel cell system includes a stack of fuel cells, a cathode recuperator configured to heat air using cathode exhaust output from the stack, and an air inlet baffle disposed between the cathode recuperator and the stack and containing at least two rows of apertures which are separated along a vertical direction and configured to provide the heated air output from the cathode recuperator to plural areas of the stack.
1. A fuel cell system, comprising:
a stack of fuel cells;
a cathode recuperator configured to heat air using cathode exhaust output from the stack; and
an air inlet baffle disposed between the cathode recuperator and the stack and comprising at least two rows of apertures which are separated along a vertical direction and configured to provide a heated air output from the cathode recuperator to plural areas of the stack.
2. The system of claim 1 , wherein during steady-state operation of the system, the air inlet baffle is configured to control a vertical temperature profile of the stack, such that a fuel cell-to-fuel cell temperature variation is 40° C. or less.
3. The system of claim 1 , wherein during steady-state operation of the system, the air inlet baffle is configured to control a vertical temperature profile of the stack, such that a maximum fuel utilization of any of the fuel cells in the stack is 1% or less above an average fuel utilization of the stack of fuel cells.
4. The system of claim 3 , wherein during the steady-state operation of the system, the fuel cells have a fuel utilization ranging from 86% to 91%, and the fuel cells comprise solid oxide fuel cells.
5. The system of claim 1 , wherein:
the apertures are through holes through a solid plate portion of the air inlet baffle, the apertures having a diameter ranging from 5 mm to 15 mm; and
adjacent apertures in each row are separated by a center-to-center distance ranging from 5 mm to 15 mm.
6. The system of claim 1 , wherein:
the air inlet baffle is cylindrical;
the cathode recuperator comprises an annular air outlet configured to output the heated air toward the stack in a horizontal direction; and
the air inlet baffle is configured to vertically deflect the heated air output from the annular air outlet.
7. The system of claim 6 , wherein:
the apertures are arranged in arrays that extend around a circumference of the air inlet baffle; and
each array comprises at least two rows of the apertures.
8. The system of claim 7 , wherein:
the apertures are arranged in a first array, a second array, a third array, and a fourth array;
the first and second arrays are disposed below the annular air outlet; and
the third and fourth arrays are disposed above the annular air outlet.
9. The system of claim 8 , wherein the third and fourth arrays comprise a larger number of the apertures than the first and second arrays.
10. The system of claim 6 , wherein:
a solid plate portion of the air inlet baffle is located at a vertical level of the annular air outlet;
the air inlet baffle lacks any of the apertures at the vertical level of the annular air outlet; and
the solid plate portion of the air inlet baffle is configured to vertically deflect the heated air output from the annular air outlet.
11. A method of operating a fuel cell system, comprising:
providing heated air and fuel to a stack of fuel cells;
operating the stack in a steady-state mode to output a fuel exhaust and a cathode exhaust;
providing the fuel exhaust and the cathode exhaust to an anode tail gas oxidizer to oxidize the fuel exhaust;
providing an exhaust from the anode tail gas oxidizer to a cathode recuperator;
providing air to the cathode recuperator;
heating the air using the exhaust from the anode tail gas oxidizer which comprises the cathode exhaust from the stack to output the heated air from the cathode recuperator onto an air inlet baffle disposed between the cathode recuperator and the stack and comprising at least two rows of apertures which are separated along a vertical direction; and
providing the heated air through the at least two rows of apertures to plural areas of the stack.
12. The method of claim 11 , wherein during the steady-state mode, the air inlet baffle controls a vertical temperature profile of the stack such that a fuel cell-to-fuel cell temperature variation is 40° C. or less.
13. The method of claim 11 , wherein during the steady-state mode, the air inlet baffle controls a vertical temperature profile of the stack such that a maximum fuel utilization of any of the fuel cells in the stack is 1% or less above an average fuel utilization of the stack of fuel cells.
14. The method of claim 13 , wherein during the steady-state mode operation, the fuel cells have a fuel utilization ranging from 86% to 91%.
15. The method of claim 11 , wherein:
the apertures are through holes through a solid plate portion of the air inlet baffle, the apertures having a diameter ranging from 5 mm to 15 mm; and
adjacent apertures in each row are separated by a center-to-center distance ranging from 5 mm to 15 mm.
16. The method of claim 11 , wherein:
the air inlet baffle is cylindrical;
the cathode recuperator comprises an annular air outlet which outputs the heated air toward the stack in a horizontal direction; and
the air inlet baffle vertically deflects the heated air output from the annular air outlet.
17. The method of claim 16 , wherein:
the apertures are arranged in arrays that extend around a circumference of the air inlet baffle; and
each array comprises at least two rows of the apertures.
18. The method of claim 17 , wherein:
the apertures are arranged in a first array, a second array, a third array, and a fourth array;
the first and second arrays are disposed below the annular air outlet;
the third and fourth arrays are disposed above the annular air outlet; and
the third and fourth arrays comprise a larger number of the apertures than the first and second arrays such that more heated air is provided to an upper portion of the stack than to a lower portion of the stack.
19. The method of claim 16 , wherein:
a solid plate portion of the air inlet baffle is located at a vertical level of the annular air outlet;
the air inlet baffle lacks any of the apertures at the vertical level of the annular air outlet; and
the solid plate portion of the air inlet baffle vertically deflects the heated air output from the annular air outlet toward the apertures.
20. The method of claim 19 , wherein:
a larger amount of the heated air is provided to an upper portion of the stack located above the annular air outlet than to a lower portion of the stack located below the annular air outlet; and
the upper portion of the stack is maintained at a lower temperature than both the lower portion of the stack and a middle portion of the stack located at the vertical level of the annular air outlet.