Multi-directional dual-polarized antenna system
An antenna system includes: a first antenna element configured to transduce between second wireless energy and second transmission-line-conducted energy, wherein the first and second wireless energy are of first and second polarizations of the first antenna element and in first and second directions that are different and define a first plane; and a second antenna element configured to transduce between third wireless energy and third transmission-line-conducted energy and between fourth wireless energy and fourth transmission-line-conducted energy, wherein the third and fourth wireless energy are of first and second polarizations of the second antenna element and in third and fourth directions that are different and define a second plane that is substantially orthogonal to the first plane.
1. An antenna system comprising:
a monolithic substrate;
an energy distribution network;
a first antenna element configured and coupled to the energy distribution network to transduce between first wireless energy and first transmission-line-conducted energy and to transduce between second wireless energy and second transmission-line-conducted energy, wherein the first wireless energy is of a first polarization of the first antenna element and in a first direction and the second wireless energy is of a second polarization of the first antenna element and in a second direction, the first direction and the second direction being different and defining a first plane; and
a second antenna element configured and coupled to the energy distribution network to transduce between third wireless energy and third transmission-line-conducted energy and to transduce between fourth wireless energy and fourth transmission-line-conducted energy, wherein the third wireless energy is of a first polarization of the second antenna element and in a third direction and the fourth wireless energy is of a second polarization of the second antenna element and in a fourth direction, the third direction and the fourth direction being different and defining a second plane that is substantially orthogonal to the first plane,
wherein the first antenna element is at least partially disposed within the monolithic substrate,
wherein the second antenna element comprises a dipole and an open-ended, substrate-integrated waveguide, wherein the dipole is at least partially disposed in the monolithic substrate and is configured to transduce between the third wireless energy and the third transmission-line-conducted energy, and wherein the open-ended, substrate-integrated waveguide is disposed within the monolithic substrate and is configured to transduce between the fourth wireless energy and the fourth transmission-line-conducted energy.
2. The antenna system of claim 1 , wherein a centerline of the open-ended, substrate-integrated waveguide and a centerline of the dipole are substantially coplanar.
3. The antenna system of claim 1 , wherein the first antenna element comprises a patch antenna element, the first antenna element is one of a plurality of first antenna elements of the antenna system, the second antenna element is one of a plurality of second antenna elements of the antenna system, and wherein the plurality of first antenna elements and the plurality of second antenna elements alternate along a length of the antenna system.
4. The antenna system of claim 3 , wherein the plurality of first antenna elements comprises N patch antenna elements and the plurality of second antenna elements comprises N of the open-ended, substrate-integrated waveguides, where N is an integer greater than two, and wherein the antenna system further comprises N pairs of energy couplers, each of N−1 pairs of the N pairs of energy couplers being coupled to the energy distribution network, extending from the energy distribution network between a respective pair of the N open-ended, substrate-integrated waveguides, and coupling to a respective one of N−1 of the N patch antenna elements.
5. The antenna system of claim 1 , wherein the first antenna element shares a component with the second antenna element.
6. The antenna system of claim 5 , further comprising:
a first ground conductor disposed in the monolithic substrate and comprising a portion of the first antenna element; and
a second ground conductor of the second antenna element and disposed in the monolithic substrate;
wherein the first ground conductor and the second ground conductor comprise portions of a shared conductive layer of the antenna system.
7. The antenna system of claim 1 , wherein the first antenna element and the second antenna element are disposed within a volume of 0.6λ by 0.4λ by 0.3λ, with λ being a free-space wavelength of a signal frequency that the first antenna element and the second antenna element are configured to radiate.
8. The antenna system of claim 1 , further comprising a first ground conductor comprising a portion of the first antenna element and a second ground conductor of the second antenna element, wherein the first ground conductor is disposed in a third plane and the second ground conductor is disposed in a fourth plane that is adjacent and parallel to the third plane.
9. The antenna system of claim 8 , wherein the first ground conductor is connected to the second ground conductor.
10. The antenna system of claim 9 , wherein the first ground conductor is electrically connected to the second ground conductor.
11. The antenna system of claim 1 , wherein the antenna system comprises a first conductive layer and a second conductive layer, the energy distribution network comprises portions of the first conductive layer and the second conductive layer, the first antenna element is disposed closer to the second conductive layer than to the first conductive layer, and at least a portion the second antenna element is disposed on a same side of a plane of the first conductive layer as the first antenna element.
12. The antenna system of claim 1 , wherein the second antenna element comprises a split dipole comprising a first arm and a second arm that is separate from the first arm, the energy distribution network comprises a first ground conductor, a second ground conductor, and a center conductor, and wherein the center conductor is electrically connected to the first arm of the split dipole and the second ground conductor is electrically connected to the second arm of the split dipole.
13. The antenna system of claim 12 , wherein the first ground conductor, the second ground conductor, and the center conductor provide a stripline transmission line.
14. The antenna system of claim 1 , wherein the monolithic substrate includes a first surface and a second surface, the first surface being substantially orthogonal to the second surface, wherein the first antenna element is disposed to radiate the first wireless energy away from the first surface and the second antenna element is disposed to radiate the second wireless energy away from the second surface.
15. A method of using an antenna system, comprising:
transducing first wireless energy in two polarizations with a first antenna element having a first antenna boresight in a first direction; and
transducing second wireless energy in two polarizations with a second antenna element having a second antenna boresight in a second direction, the first direction being angled with respect to the second direction, and the first antenna element and the second antenna element being stacked,
wherein the first antenna element is at least partially disposed within a monolithic substrate,
wherein the second antenna element comprises a dipole and an open-ended, substrate-integrated waveguide, wherein the dipole is at least partially disposed in the monolithic substrate and wherein the second wireless energy is transduced in a first polarization of the two polarizations with the dipole, and wherein the open-ended, substrate-integrated waveguide is disposed within the monolithic substrate and wherein the second wireless energy is transduced in a second polarization of the two polarizations with the open-ended, substrate-integrated waveguide.
16. An antenna system, comprising:
first means for transducing first wireless energy in two polarizations, the first means having a first antenna boresight in a first direction; and
second means for transducing second wireless energy in two polarizations, the second means having a second antenna boresight in a second direction, the first direction being angled with respect to the second direction, and the first means and the second means being stacked,
wherein the first means is at least partially disposed within a monolithic substrate,
wherein the second means comprises a dipole and an open-ended, substrate-integrated waveguide, wherein the dipole is at least partially disposed in the monolithic substrate and is configured to transduce the second wireless energy in a first polarization of the two polarizations, and wherein the open-ended, substrate-integrated waveguide is disposed within the monolithic substrate and configured to transduce the second wireless energy in a second polarization of the two polarizations.
17. The antenna system of claim 16 , wherein the first direction and the second direction are substantially orthogonal.
18. The antenna system of claim 17 , wherein the first means comprises a plurality of antenna elements, wherein the second means comprises a plurality of antenna elements of a first type and wherein the open-ended, substrate-integrated waveguide is one of a plurality of antenna elements of a second type, wherein the first means and the second means are arranged in an array, and wherein the plurality of antenna elements of the first means alternate with the plurality of antenna elements of the first type in the array.
19. The method of claim 15 , wherein the first direction and the second direction are substantially orthogonal.
20. The antenna system of claim 1 , wherein the open-ended, substrate-integrated waveguide comprises five conductive walls formed in the monolithic substrate.