Method and apparatus for forming overhang structures with a metal drop ejecting three-dimensional (3D) object printer
A three-dimensional (3D) metal object manufacturing apparatus is operated to form sloping surfaces having a slope angle of more than 45° from a line that is perpendicular to the structure on which the layer forming the slope surface is formed. The angle corresponds to a step-out distance from the perpendicular line and a maximum individual step-out distance determined from empirically derived data. Multiple passes of an ejection head of the apparatus can be performed within a layer to form a sloped edge and the mass of the sloped structure is distributed within the sloped edge so the edge is formed without defects.
1. A metal drop ejecting apparatus comprising:
a melter configured to receive and melt a bulk metal;
at least one ejection head having a nozzle that is fluidly connected to the melter to receive melted bulk metal from the melter;
a platform positioned opposite the ejection head;
at least one actuator operatively connected to at least one of the platform and the at least one ejection head, the at least one actuator being configured to move at least one of the platform and the at least one ejection head relative to one another; and
a controller operatively connected to the melter, the at least one ejection head, and the at least one actuator, the controller being configured with a first group of machine-ready instructions stored in a non-transitory computer readable media that cause the controller when the first group of machine-ready instructions are executed by the controller to:
identify sloped edges to be formed for each portion of a perimeter in a layer of an object to be formed by the metal drop ejecting apparatus;
use a maximum individual step-out distance to generate additional machine-ready instructions that operate the metal drop ejecting apparatus to form the identified sloped edges at each portion of the perimeter in the layer of the object to be formed; and
execute the generated additional machine-ready instructions to operate the metal drop ejecting apparatus to form the sloped edges at each portion of the perimeter in the layer of the object to be formed; and
the controller being further configured with a second group of machine-ready instructions stored in the non-transitory computer readable media that cause the controller when the second group of machine-ready instructions are executed by the controller to:
identify a step-out distance for each identified sloped edge for each portion of the perimeter to be formed in the layer of the object; and
identify a number of passes for forming each identified sloped edge for each portion of the perimeter using the identified step-out distance for each identified sloped edge at each portion of the perimeter and the maximum individual step-out distance; and
the controller being further configured with a third group of machine-ready instructions stored in the non-transitory computer readable media that cause the controller when the third group of machine-ready instructions are executed by the controller to:
identify the number of passes for at least one identified sloped edge as being greater than one.
2. The apparatus of claim 1 , the controller being further configured with a fourth group of machine-ready instructions stored in the non-transitory computer readable media that cause the controller when the fourth group of machine-ready instructions are executed by the controller to:
distribute the identified step-out distance for each identified sloped edge for each portion of the perimeter to be formed in the layer of the object over the identified number of passes.
3. The apparatus of claim 2 , the controller being further configured with a fifth group of machine-ready instructions stored in the non-transitory computer readable media that cause the controller when the fifth group of machine-ready instructions are executed by the controller to:
identify an equal amount of the identified step-out distance for each pass in the identified number of passes for at least one of the portions of the perimeter for at least one of the identified sloped edges.
4. The apparatus of claim 3 , the controller being further configured with a sixth group of machine-ready instructions stored in the non-transitory computer readable media that cause the controller when the sixth group of machine-ready instructions are executed by the controller to:
identify the equal amount of the identified step-out distance for each pass as being the maximum individual step-out distance.
5. The apparatus of claim 2 , the controller being further configured with a seventh group of machine-ready instructions stored in the non-transitory computer readable media that cause the controller when the seventh group of machine-ready instructions are executed by the controller to:
identify an amount of the identified step-out distance for at least one of the passes in the identified number of passes for at least one of the portions of the perimeter of at least one of the identified sloped edges as being different that an amount of the identified step-out distance distributed to another one of the passes in the identified number of passes for at least another one of the portions of the perimeter for the at least one of the identified sloped edges.
6. The apparatus of claim 2 , the controller being further configured with an eighth group of machine-ready instructions stored in the non-transitory computer readable media that cause the controller when the eighth group of machine-ready instructions are executed by the controller to:
distribute the maximum step-out distance to each pass in the identified number of passes for forming at least one sloped edge for at least one portion of the perimeter in the layer except a last pass to be performed; and
distribute the portion of the identified step-out distance to the last pass that is equal to the step-out distance less a total of the maximum step-out distances distributed to the other passes in the identified number of passes.
7. A metal drop ejecting apparatus comprising:
a melter configured to receive and melt a bulk metal;
at least one ejection head having a nozzle that is fluidly connected to the melter to receive melted bulk metal from the melter;
a platform positioned opposite the ejection head;
at least one actuator operatively connected to at least one of the platform and the at least one ejection head, the at least one actuator being configured to move at least one of the platform and the at least one ejection head relative to one another; and
a controller operatively connected to the melter, the at least one ejection head, and the at least one actuator, the controller being configured with a first group of machine-ready instructions stored in a non-transitory computer readable media that cause the controller when the first group of machine-ready instructions are executed by the controller to:
identify sloped edges to be formed for each portion of a perimeter in a layer of an object to be formed by the metal drop ejecting apparatus;
use a maximum individual step-out distance to generate additional machine-ready instructions that operate the metal drop ejecting apparatus to form the identified sloped edges at each portion of the perimeter in the layer of the object to be formed; and
execute the generated additional machine-ready instructions to operate the metal drop ejecting apparatus to form the sloped edges at each portion of the perimeter in the layer of the object to be formed; and
the controller being further configured with a second group of machine-ready instructions stored in the non-transitory computer readable media that cause the controller when the second group of machine-ready instructions are executed by the controller to:
identify a step-out distance for each identified sloped edge for each portion of the perimeter to be formed in the layer of the object; and
identify a number of passes for forming each identified sloped edge for each portion of the perimeter using the identified step-out distance for each identified sloped edge at each portion of the perimeter and the maximum individual step-out distance; and
the controller being further configured with a third group of machine-ready instructions stored in the non-transitory computer readable media that cause the controller when the third group of machine-ready instructions are executed by the controller to:
identify the step-out distance for at least one identified sloped edge for at least one of the portions of the perimeter as being less than the maximum individual step-out distance; and
the controller being further configured with a fourth group of machine-ready instructions stored in the non-transitory computer readable media that cause the controller when the fourth group of machine-ready instructions are executed by the controller to:
identify the number of passes for the at least one identified sloped edge for the at least one of the portions of the perimeter as being one; and
the controller being further configured with a fifth group of machine-ready instructions stored in the non-transitory computer readable media that cause the controller when the fifth group of machine-ready instructions are executed by the controller to:
identify a drop spacing for formation of the at least one identified sloped edge for the at least one of the portions of the perimeter during the one pass, the drop spacing decreasing as the identified step-out distance for the at least one identified sloped edge for the at least one portion of the perimeter approaches the maximum individual step-out distance.
8. The apparatus of claim 7 , the controller being further configured with a sixth group of machine-ready instructions stored in the non-transitory computer readable media that cause the controller when the sixth group of machine-ready instructions are executed by the controller to:
identify a drop spacing between a fully supported drop and a drop forming the at least one identified sloped edge for the at least one of the portions of the perimeter in the layer.
9. The apparatus of claim 8 , the controller being further configured with a seventh group of machine-ready instructions stored in the non-transitory computer readable media that cause the controller when the seventh group of machine-ready instructions are executed by the controller to:
identify the step-out distance for at least one of the identified sloped edges for at least one of the portions of the perimeter as corresponding to an angle of more than 45° from a perpendicular line to a structure on which the layer of the object is to be formed.
10. The apparatus of claim 8 , the controller being further configured with a seventh group of machine-ready instructions stored in the non-transitory computer readable media that cause the controller when the seventh group of machine-ready instructions are executed by the controller to:
identify the step-out distance for at least one of the identified sloped edges for at least one of the portions of the perimeter as corresponding to an angle of at least 60° from the perpendicular line to the structure on which the layer of the object is formed.